[外语] 2014秋季班招生开始了！

2014秋季课程：
周五：4：30到6：30 预初 英文
           6：35到8：35 初三 英文
周六：8：00到10：00 初二 英文
           10：15 到12：15 初二物理
           12：30到2：30 初二 数学
            晚 7：00到9：00 初三英语
周日：8：00到10：00 初一 英文
           10：15到12：15 初二英文
报名的同学请短信到15021229032 告知孩子姓名和所报课程时段。本学期共20次课程。学费3000+50（材料费）=3050。

教学原理
１.        艾宾浩斯记忆曲线告诉我们，遗忘内容随时间的流逝而减少，第一时间的复习是最有效的。所以我们每节课都有复习当堂内容和口头考察的环节。
２.        循环复习法，避免前学后忘。
３.        语言学家通过研究发现，短时期内，对一个语言的大量输入和接触，可以更迅速培养语感。
４.        密集课程，每日开课。不是浅尝辄止，而是有认知，会应用。对整个初中语法系统的全面了解。同时培养一个好的阅读习惯。毕竟，真到中考的时候，第三部分的阅读和作文才是真正拉分的部分。

招生要求
有一定的自控能力，上课认真听讲，能认真完成口头和笔头作业。

注意事项： Ａ：本次课程属于密集型课程。回家有一定量的笔头和口头作业，请安排出足够的时间完成。
　　　　　 Ｂ：新生报名，请电话与我沟通。开课之前，我也需要对孩子有一个更全面的了解。
Ｃ：不认真完成作业，上课影响课堂纪律的学员，三次提醒后，劝退。

（每天要备课和准备资料，没有很多时间上网，非常抱歉。还是烦请大家直接打电话给我。选择课程是一个双向的过程，我也许要最大限度先了解孩子的情况。谢谢。）



历年中考成绩 闵行第一
姓名 英语
刘某某 147 张某某 147.5 杨某某 146.5 具某某 145 陈某 147
徐某某 146.5 曹某某 148 胡某某 146 吴某某 142.5 顾某某 147
张某 144.5 成某某 142.5 王某某 144 陆某某 144 唐某某 140.5
何某某 145.5 张某 145.5 陆某某 143.5 朱某某 144 叶某某 147
王某某 146.5 钱某 148 王某某 146 朱某某 144.5 邓某某 145.5
俞某 147.5 吴某某 144.5 陈某某 144 顾某 136.5 钱某某 144.5
陈某某 144 郭某某 143 梅某某 147.5 周某 143 吴某某 140.5
陈某某 135.5 徐某 143.5 朱某某 143.5 王某某 148.5 周某 140.5
曹某某 144 刘某某 146
平均 144.55
邴老师 上海外国语大学， 英语语言文学　学士学位。
有十余年的初中，高中英语教学经验。 在上宝中学建校后第二年加入，多年担任上宝中学英文教学，班主任，年级英语教研组长工作。
获得闵行区特色教师称号。所教的班级两度被评为全校的先进班级。年度闵行区优秀班级。
邴老师编写的20万字的英语初中作文三星辅导书于2006年7月发行。撰写的德育论文和学术教学论文也多次在区的教学刊物上刊登，并获奖。

邴老师指导的多名学生分别荣获全国中学生英语能力竞赛全国一等奖、二等奖、三等奖和优秀奖。
其中一名同学获得全国一等奖，一名同学获得全国二等奖，两名同学获得全国三等奖，三名同学获得全国优秀奖。

邴老师

[ 本帖最后由 邴老师初中英语 于 2014-8-23 11:16 编辑 ].

LZ是个好老师。
可惜我们离得太远，否则就可以报班了。.

花了很多的心血，编纂的书籍。希望能和更多的孩子们一起分享。能对大家有所帮助，是我最大的心愿。每天会上传一部分。
序言
第一部分： 语法和句式学习
第一章：各种状语的表达方法
一:时间状语表达方法
二: 地点状语表达法：
三: 原因状语表达法：
四: 目的状语表达法：
五: 结果状语表达法
六: 条件状语表达法
七: 方式状语表达法
八：让步状语从句：
九：比较状语从句：
第二章：英语中的否定结构的特殊用法
第三章：被动语态中的特例
第四章：容易犯的错误表达：
一:需要在其后跟动词的现在分词的单词或词组：
二:需要跟动词不定式的动词：
三:容易用错介词的动词词组
四:容易混淆的名词和介词的搭配
五：其他
第五章：名词的单复数形式系列
一：貌似单数，实则复数的集体名词：
二：貌似单数，实则单复数同行的名词
三：以-s结尾的名词用法总结
四：不可数名词总结
第六章：易使用错误的形容词和副词系列
一：以-ic 和-icl结尾的形容词的区别
二：可作副词的形容词及其+ly的词的区别
三：形容词或者副词的摆放位置
第七章：主谓一致系列：
第八章：多彩多姿的句子表达
一、词汇选择--准确，到位，言简意赅，尽量做到标新立异
二、句子结构设计—力争与众不同
三：用一些强势句式,如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等,增强语句的表现力。
四．“美化”句子小窍门




第二部分：作文题材分类学习
1．        动物
2．        环境
3．        健康
4．        朋友 （外貌，性格）
5．        食品
6．        自然物质
7．        社区
8．        季节
9．        交通
10．        节日 (说英语国家节日，中国的节日)
11．        课外活动
12．        旅游
13．        书籍
14．        体育
15．        我的家庭
16．        学校
17．        影视
18．        职业
19．        休闲
20．        信息时代

第三部分：学生范文学习

[ 本帖最后由 邴老师初中英语 于 2012-10-10 08:55 编辑 ].

是有点远，否则我们也报班了。老师能否来徐汇授课呀.

不好意思。我是在自己家授课的。有PPt投影仪和电脑等设备。
                                              序言

        良好的英语写作能力是一种综合性的语言能力的体现。因此，几乎所有的英语考试中都离不开对写作能力的考核。同时，在我们的日常生活中，也常常遇到要用英文写作的情况。
如何才能自由地用英语进行表达，如何才能写出漂亮的英文，这是一个长期习得的过程，要求我们多阅读，多记忆，多模仿，多思考。

        英语写作绝非简单的句子拼凑，但是也并非有些同学所认为的非常困难。虽然初中生相对一些成人的学习者而言，英语语法知识和词汇有限，但是对初中作文的要求无论是字数上，还是表达法上的要求都不是很难，所以只要得到有效的指导，通过一定的练习，同学们的英语写作水平一定可以在短期内得到长足的进步。。

        本书旨在帮助同学们快速而有效地提高实际英语写作水平。既有内容丰富，形式新颖，符合现代中学生实际生活的素材和范文，也有具体的英语语法和句型结构的说明。所有的内容都是由浅入深，循序渐进，任何一位初中生都可以在本书中找到适合自己的起点。

本书分为三个部分。第一部分是英语句法和语法的学习，有具体知识点的解释说明，例句和大量的练习。第二部分是根据不同题材而分的范文以及练习。第三个部分为初中学生的范文。在基于中国中学生的实际情况下，将所有的语言点，词汇，和范文都分为三个层次。一颗星是基本要求，两颗星是优秀标准，而三颗星为拓展内容。同时每一个层次和更高的一个层次之间都通过大量的练习和范文为同学们搭建了知识的框架，并通过选择，翻译，问答，和填空等多种形式的练习为同学门提供了大量的实践机会，由此而达到一个逐渐习得的效果，帮助同学们最终顺利过渡到更高的一个层次。

本书内容丰富而全面，它不仅仅是一本英语作文的参考书，更可以作为一本教材来自学英语写作。所以希望同学们认真学习其中的词汇和语言点，细细研读其中的范文，严格按照书上的要求来完成练习。它一定可以帮助你写出正确而流畅的英语作文。

本书中若有错误和不妥之处，敬请各位读者批评指正。

                                                                                                                       
邴丽

                                                                                                        写于 2006年4月3日




第一章：各种状语的表达方法
在写作过程中， 状语的表达比较常用，下面向大家讲述几种状语的表达方法：
一:时间状语表达方法
时间状语通常由下列单词和词组引导:when( 当……时候),while (当……时候，在……期间),as(当……时候),before( 在……之前)after（在……以后), till/ until( 直到…… ), as soon as(一 ……就)
例如：
1. The when leading time  form language often translates for" be the ……Of time", when of can use to continue sex verb from the sentence, can also use the moment verb.
For example:
John was chatting on the telephone when his mother came in. When his mother come in, John is making a phone call to chat.
Ben had a car accident when he was walking along the street. 当本在沿着街道走的时候发生了一场车祸。
I will go and visit you when it is fine. 当天气好的时候我去拜访你。
The film has already been on for five minutes when I arrived. 当我到达的时候，电影已经放映了五分钟。

**注意哦：1.when也可以作并列连词，表示一个动作正在进行的时候，突然间发生了另外一件事。
例如：
I was decorating my room with pictures, when someone broke in. 我正在用画装饰房间，突然有人闯了进来。
We were having our English class, when the lights went out. 我们正在上英语课，突然灯灭了。
The teacher was just about to read the text, when she stopped and looked around. 老师正要朗读课文，这时她突然停了下来并朝四周看了看。
***2. every time, the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, … 也可以引导时间状语从句，可以放在主句前面，也可以放在主句后面。
例如：
Every time she sees me, she smiled at me with a nod. 每次她一见到我，她都朝我点头微笑。
Every time he went to Beijing, he is used to visiting the the Monument to the People's Heroes. 他每次到北京都习惯去参观人民英雄纪念碑。
The moment they saw the manned-spaceship ShenzhouⅥ rising into the sky, they burst into tears with joy.
他们看到神州六号载人飞船升向空中时，他们流下了喜悦的泪水。
Athletes all made a dash for the finishing line the moment they heard the starting gun. 运动员们一听到发令枪响就冲向终点线。
The instant he received the letter from his pen-pal, he unfolded it at once.
他一收接到笔友信就马上打开了。
I felt much better the instant I took a dose of medicine. 服用一剂药后，我立即感到好多了。
The ferry started to sail the minute all the passengers had boarded. 乘客一上完，船就开始航行了。
We will leave for our destination the minute you are ready. 你一准备好我们就出发去目的地。
She is so charming that the minute a boy sees her, he will fall in love her.  
她太迷人了，男孩子一见到她就会爱上她。
我的收获：I’m so intelligent that the instant I come across something new I can remember it well quickly. 我太聪明了，我一遇到新的东西就能很快地把它记住
Exercise:
I. Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1) saw when he us waved his hand.  
2) it raining hard we was when arrived at the Forbidden City.     
3) when reached I the bus-stop the had left bus      
4) talking Alice with was others mother her called when her.      
5) open was about to Emily the door fell when she over.
   
Suggested Keys：
1）When he saw us, he waved his hand.
2）It was raining hard when we arrived at the Forbidden City.
3）When I reached the bus-stop, the bus had left.
4）Alice was talking with others when her mother called her.
5) Emily was about to open the door when she fell over.
II. Extend the following sentences with the word “ when…” 用“when…”扩写下列句子。
1）I was fishing by the river, when…
2) We were planting trees
3) Linda was just about to rise from her chair when …
4) Flowers will blossom when …
5) Mum and I was shopping at the shopping mall when…
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.
III. Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1）当他进来的时候我在弹钢琴。
2）我在操场上跑步的时候丢了一只钢笔。
3）我有空的时候会去拜访亲戚朋友。
4）他到家的时候，他姐姐已经离开2天了。
5）我正要去拖地，这是电话铃响了。
Suggested Keys:
1) I was playing the piano when he came in.
2) I lost a pen when I was running in the playground.
3) I will visit my friends and relatives when I am free.
4) When he arrived home, his sister had been away for two days.
5) I was just about to mop the floor when the bell rang.with others when her mother called her.
5）Emily was just about to open the door, when she fell over。

2. while 引导时间状语时常译为“和……同时，在……期间”“当……的时候”，while所在的从句中动词通常用延续性动词或表示状态的词。
例如：.
　The naughty boy made a loud noise while his English teacher was giving the lesson. 英语老师上课的时候，这个调皮的小孩弄出了很大的噪音。
While I’m watching TV, she is reading.  我在看电视时，她在读书。
　While the students were busy reading and writing, the teacher turned back and wrote several letters on the blackboard.
学生在不停地读和写时，老师转过身在黑板上写了几个单词。
Don’t touch my cake while I am away.  我离开的时候不要动我的蛋糕。
I heard of her while I was at school.    我在学校的时候听说过她。
I made quite a few good friends while I was in Los Angles. 在洛杉矶期间，我交了很多好朋友。
Judy loves doing her homework while listening to the music. 茱蒂喜欢边做作业边听音乐。
Let me know first when you arrived in Shanghai.  你到上海时先让我知道。
Judy loves doing her homework while listening to the music. 茱蒂喜欢边做作业边听音乐。
Let me know first when you arrived in Shanghai.  你到上海时先让我知道。

注意：
1.        while和when 有区别的哦：
区别一: when表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生或先于主句动作，可以指一段时间也可以指特定的时间点；while表示从句动作主句动作同时发生，表示“和……同时”或“一边…一边…”，通常指一段时间。所以当表示时间段(该动作表示状态或持续)的时候, when 和while 可以互换;但是如果表示时间点(该动作是瞬间发生的)的时候,只能用when.
例如:
While /When I was decorating our rooms with balloons for my mother’s surprise birthday party, Alice, my good friend, entered. (表示时间的"一段")
我在用气球为妈妈惊奇生日派对装饰房间时,我好朋友爱丽丝进来了.
　　When Alice, my good friend, entered., I was decorating our rooms with balloons for my mother’s surprise birthday party. (表示时间的"一点")
我好朋友爱丽丝进来时, 我在用气球为妈妈惊奇生日派对装饰房间.
区别二: when 引导的时间状语从句可以表示”突然,正在这时”解, 在这种情况下, when不能用while代替.
      例如:
       I was walking along the street when I saw a car accident happen. 我在沿街走的时候突然看见了一场车祸发生.
       We were watching cartoons from Japan when the light went out. 我们在看日本卡通片的时候突然灯灭了.

2. while 也可以表示“然而”，通常表示与主句作对比。
  例如：
　My sister drinks black coffee while I prefer it with cream. 我姐姐喝纯咖啡而我较喜欢加奶油的咖啡。
I have only learnt 5,000 words while my sister has learnt 10,000 words. 我只学了5000个单词，而我的姐姐已经学了10000个单词了。
  I came home for seeing my parents while she came home for letting her parents see her. 我回家是为了看我父母，而她回家是为了让父母看她。
3. while 还可以引导让步状语从句，意为"虽然，一方面……"，相当于although。
例如：
　　While I admit that there are some problems, I don't think we have nothing to do with them. 尽管我承认有问题存在，但我认为我们并不是束手无策的。
4.  while 可以作名词使用，意思是"一段时间"(a period of time)，并构成了一些短语，这些短语用的时态也不尽相同，如：for a while (minute) "一会儿"；in a while (minute), "一会儿之后"，一般用于将来时；once in a while (=occasionally) "间或，偶尔"，多用于一般现在时。
例如：
Let me stay alone for a while. 让我一个人待一会。
Don’t’ worry, Kitty. Mum will come back to see you in a while. 不要担心，凯蒂。妈妈一会儿就会回来看你的。
We should come back to chat with our parents once for a while. 我们应该偶尔回家和父母聊会天。
5. while引导时间状语从句时,如果主句和从句主语一致，可省略从句的主语和系动词，因此从句可以表达为：while+doing/介词短语等。
例如：
　　My mother often falls asleep while (she is) watching TV. 妈妈经常在看电视的时候睡着.
　　Si Maqian began to write Historical Records while (he was) in prison. 司马迁在狱中开始写<<史记>>.

Exercise:
*I. Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1) be upset will people the thieves while at large are still .
2) my cousin a great noise made was playing while he his toys.
3) Mr. Johnson walking was the river along while he the last of the afternoon sun was enjoying
4）fell asleep Jack when was giving a lesson to him the tutor.
Suggested Keys:
1)        People will be upset while the thieves are still at large.
2)        My cousin made a great noise while he was playing his toys.
3)  Mr. Johnson was walking along the river while he was enjoying the last of the afternoon sun.
4）Jack fell asleep when the tutor was giving a lesson to him.

**II. Extend the following sentences with the word “ while…” 用“while…”扩写下列句子。
1)        Let’s start our game with a riddle while…
2)        It’s too dangerous to cross the street while…
3)        Make sure all the lights are off while…
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.

***III. Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1)        我在白天上班，而姐姐在晚上上班。
2)        琳达做有关中国传统节日的期间采访了很多人。
3)        妈妈不在家的时候我照顾小弟弟。
Suggested Keys:
1)        I work at daytime, while my sister works at night.
2)        Linda interviewed many people while she was doing a project on Chinese traditional festivals.
3)        I look after my little brother while my mother is away from home.


3. as引导时间状语从句时常译为“当……的时候，一边……一边”as的从句中的谓语动词可使用延续性动词，也可使用瞬间动词。
例如：.
Juliet sang as she was working . 朱丽叶一边工作一边唱歌。
As time goes by, we understand each other better . 随着时间的推移，我们互相有了更好的理解。
As she drives home for dinner, she turns on the car radio and tries to relax. 当她驱车回家的时候，她打开汽车上的收音机并且试着放松下来。
Exercise:
*I. Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1) she was a s a three-year-old she girl little knows about outside the world.
2) time as goes by will the world more peaceful become.
3) saw him I he when was off getting the express train.
Suggested Keys:
1）As she was a three-year-old girl, she knows little about the world outside.
2)  As time goes by, the world will become more peaceful.
3) I saw him when he was getting off the express train.
**II. Extend the following sentences with the word “ as…” 用“as…”扩写下列句子。
1)        Magellan’s（麦哲伦）trip told us that the world is round as …
2)        I always feel happy as…
3)        Robby found his lost wallet as …
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.
***III. Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子.
1)        当我走到收银台付账时发现钱丢了。
2)        福特小时候住在菲律宾。
3)        随着年龄的增长，你会变得更聪明。
Suggested Keys:
1)        As I walked to the checkout desk, I found my money was lost.
2)        As a child, Ford lived in the Philippines.
3)        You will be wiser as you grow older.

4. before和after引导时间状语从句时分别表示“在……之前” “在……之后”，before强调主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，而after强调主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。
例如：
We’d better finish our homework before the winter vocation is over. 我们最好在寒假结束之前完成家庭作业。
See me before you leave for Paris. 你去巴黎之前过来见我。
I’ll call you after five o’clock. 五点以后我会给你打电话。
It’s not safe to go out after dark. 天黑以后出去不安全。
Exercise:
*I. Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1) I go will you after in good condition are
2) gets up my mother dawn before every day
3) He trust should you you him after tell all the truth
Suggested Keys:
1) I will go after you are in good condition.
2) My mother gets up before dawn every day.
3) He should trust you after you tell him all the truth.
**II. Extend the following sentences with the word “before / after…”用“before/ after…”扩写下列句子。
1)        I found his pen …
2)        We will finish our project …
3)        He had been a cook …
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.

***III. Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1)        他们到上海之后，我会带他们游览东方明珠电视塔。
2)        在我告诉你实话前，你要答应我不要生气。
3)        三分钟步行之后，史密使一家来到了一个大百货商场。
Suggested Keys:
1)        After they arrived in Shanghai, I will show them around the Oriental Pearl TV Tower.
2)        Before I tell you the truth, you should promise me not to be angry.
3)        After three minutes’ walk, the Smiths arrived at a big shopping mall.
.
5. as soon as引导时间状语从句时常译为“一……就……”。
例如：
My best friend, Kid, sent me an e-mail as soon as he reached home. 我的好朋友吉特一到家就给我发了个电子邮件。
“ I will spend a whole year touring as soon as I graduate from my college.” John said.
我一大学毕业就要用整整一个年的时间来旅游。
The president, George W. Bush, waved to the crowed as soon as he got off the plane.
布什总统一下飞机就向人群招手示意。
As soon as 的位置可以放在主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，比如：
该句
He always plays the computer games as soon as he finishes his homework.  他总是一做完作业就打电脑游戏。
也可以表达为：
As soon as he finishes his homework he always plays the computer games.
注意: once, directly, the moment, the instant和as soon as都可作“一…就”解，通常可以互换，

Exercise:
*I. Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
     1) will go to he his parents see as soon as gets he here.
     2) got everything ready Alice ready as soon as got she to school.
     3) hand in please composition your as soon as finish it you.
    Suggested Keys:
1) He will go to see his parents as soon as he gets here.
2) Alice got everything ready as soon as she got to school.
3)        Please hand in your composition as soon as you finish it.
**II.  Extend the following sentences with the word “as soon as…” 用“as soon as…”扩写下列句子。
1)        We will have a warm party for him as soon as…
2)        He will buy a tourist guide as soon as…
3)        Jack gave his parents a big surprise as soon as…
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.

***III. Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1) 哥哥一大学毕业，爸爸就把公司移交给他了。
2）对他来说，一放学回家就打电脑游戏是不对的。
3）海伦一遇到麻烦的事情就听莫扎特的音乐。
Suggested Keys:
1)        As soon as my brother graduated from the college, my father turned the company over to him.
2)        It is not right for him to play the computer game as soon as he gets back home from school.
3)        As soon as Helen meets something trouble, she will listen to the music by Mozart.

6. since引导时间状语从句时常译为“自从……”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。
例如：
Jenny and I have been good friends since childhood.
Mr. White has been in charge of this computer software company since three years ago.
I have worked in Shanghai China Travel Service since I left school.
注意：在现在完成时中的时间状语引导词“since”可与“for” 换用
但不同的是since 引导的时间是时间点，即该动作开始的时间；for引导的时间是时间段，即该动作持续的时间。
如：
The poor young man has made a living by playing the violin since two years ago.
这个可怜的年轻人自从两年前就以拉小提琴为生了。
该句可以变为：
The poor young man has made a living by playing the violin for two years.

We haven’t seen each other since we parted . 我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。
与since 搭配得句型：
“It is +时间段+since从句”自从……有多长时间了。
例如：
It is six years since Miss White became a musician.
(= Miss White has been a musician since six years ago.
（自从）怀特小姐成为音乐家已有六年的时间了。
Exercise:
*I.Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1）        Chinese people Chinese New Year have celebrated since hundreds of years ago with firecrackers and lion dancers.
2）        He has since two years ago been away.
3）        They have at the table since an hour ago played draughts (跳棋).
Suggested Keys:
1)Chinese people have celebrated Chinese New Year with firecrackers and lion dancers since hundreds of years ago.
2)He has been away since two years ago.
3)They have played draughts at the table since an hour ago.

**II．Extend the following sentences with the word “since…” 用“since…”扩写下列句子。
1)        The lights have been on …
2)        I have been a member of the Youth League since…
3)        Peter has been away from home since…
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.

***III. Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
   1) 倾盆大雨已经下了两天了。
   2）他们已经很久没有修理这个浴室的水槽(sink)了。
   3）自从那时候，白雪公主和七个小矮人（dwarf）就过上了快乐的生活。(lead a happy life)
Suggested Keys:
1) It has rained cats and dogs since two days ago / It has rained cats and dogs for two days.
2) They haven’t repaired the bathroom sink since a long time ago / They haven’t repaired the bathroom sink for a long time.
3) Snow White and the Seven Dwarves/ Dwarfs have led a happy life since then.


7. till和until引导时间状语从句时译为“直到……为止”，not … till / until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到……才”。前者强调主句动作的结束，用延续性动词，后者强调主句动作的开始，用瞬间动词。
例如：
We will wait for our friend until / till he comes . 我们要一直等到我们的朋友来。
They won’t start their discussion until / till the chairman of the board comes .
他们要等到董事长来了，再开始他们的讨论。
注意哦： till 和until  通常是可以互换的，但若在句首则多用until：
例如：Mum waited until (till) my elder brother phoned back. 妈妈一直等到哥哥打电话回来。
       Nothing can be done until/ till the headmaster returns. 校长不回来什么事情都不能做。
Poor Jack didn’t sit down until / till he was asked to. 可怜的杰克直到被要求坐他才坐下。
Until you told me I had no idea about his coming.    直到你告诉我，我才知道他来了。
till / until在表达方式和意义上的特殊性：until是till的强调形式，但是它们表达的意义是相同的，都表示"直到某时"。不过，当主句是否定句时，它引出的意思是"直到（某时）（某动作）才（发生）" ，这时候常会出现"not until …"的结构，如果将 "not until …"的结构放在句首，那么主句要写成倒装句。例如：
He didn't go to sleep until 12 last night .
他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。
They didn't realize their fault till we pointed it out to them .
直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。
Not until we pointed out their fault to them did they realize it .
直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。
但是，当主句是肯定句时，它引出的意思是"直到（某时某动作停止了）" 。例如：
The students made much noise till the teacher came into the classroom .
直到老师走进教室学生们才停止了大声喧哗。
The young couple were very happy until they used up all their money .
那对年青夫妇直到花光了所有的钱才沮丧起来。
另外，until 可以放在句首而till则不行。我们可以说：Until they used up all their money, the young couple were very happy .我们却不可以说：Till they used up all their money, the young couple were very happy .
Exercise:
* I.Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1)        till walk come to you a white house.
2)        Leave until Judy can’t Friday.
3)        We till sang danced and dawn.
Suggested Keys:
1) Walk till you come to a white house.
2) Judy can’t leave until Friday.
3) We sang and danced till dawn.
**II．Extend the following sentences with the word “till/ until…” 用“till/ until…”扩写下列句子。
1)        People do not know the value of health till / until…
2)        Till / Until…. you can’t go out for fun.
3)        We talked on and on until / till…
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.

***III.Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1) 在你的作业被完成以前你不能离开
2）我们要到星期四才能去紫禁城。
3）他不回来什么也不能做。
Suggested Keys:
1）You cannot leave until your homework is finished / You cannot leave until you finish your homework .
2) We can't go to the Forbidden City until Thursday.
3) Until he returns, nothing can be done..

感谢分享
可惜有些远，....

献花, 谢谢..

献花, 谢谢..

遗憾，实在远了点.

老师,这个很好的哟,是不是你出的那本书里的,那本书到哪里可以买到..

同问，书能否在书店买到？.

我这里的几十本书都送给同学们了。具体哪里还可以买到，可以到网上查一下。
二: 地点状语表达法：
地点状语从句通常由下列单词引导where（哪里）和wherever（无论哪里），一般修饰句中的动词或动词短语，说明该动作发生的地点。其中where 表达的意思相当于at the place where。例如：
Where there is a will, there is a way . 有志者，事竟成。
My hometown lies where the two rivers meet. 我的家乡位于两条河交汇的地方。
Jack, you should leave your book where you can find them again.  杰克，你应该把书放在你能再次找到的位置。
The builders were busy building a new school where there had once been a factory. 建筑工人正忙于在原来是工厂的地方建造一个新学校。
Yesterday two cars crashed into each other where there was heavy traffic. 昨天两辆汽车在交通拥挤的地方相撞了。
Wherever you go you will see great changes in our city. 无论你走到哪里，你都会看到我们城市发生的巨大变化。
Where there's smoke, there's fire. 无风不起浪。
Wherever Mark Twain comes there is a laughter. 无论马克•吐温到哪里，哪里就会有笑声。

注意哦：**1. 从属连词还能与any, no, every,else等一起构成复合句，如：anywhere （任何地方）, nowhere （无处，到处都无）, everywhere （各处, 到处）, elsewhere （在别处）…
例如：
Dad told me not to go anywhere if I hadn’t finished all my homework in winter vocation. 爸爸告诉我如果我在寒假里没有完成所有的作业，我哪里都不能去。
Anywhere she travels, she will take as many photographs as she likes.  无论她到哪里旅游，她都会尽可能多的拍照。
Except Beijing, Mark, my American friend, has been nowhere else in China. 我的美国朋友迈克在中国除了北京，他哪里都没有去过。
---Where is your little nephew? He is nowhere to be seen.  你的侄子哪里去了？我哪里都没看到他。
--- I don’t know, either.   我也不知道。
Everywhere you go, you will be warmly welcomed, because of your kind heart. 无论你到哪里，你的好心都会使你受到热烈欢迎的。
Sam, I can’t find any mistake everywhere in your papers. Well-done! 山姆，我在你的论文里哪儿都找不到错误之处，做得很好！
Perhaps one day our humans will move elsewhere in the universe to live. 也许某一天我们人类会搬到宇宙的其它地方去住。
It’s so boring here. Let’s go elsewhere, shall we? 这儿太无聊了，我们去别的地方，好吗？

1.        ***where 还可以引导名词性从句。它可以作主语，宾语，表语等。
例如：
Where he will live tomorrow is still a question to him. 对他来讲，明天会住在哪里还是个疑问。
I have no idea where I can book my ticket for two. 我不知道在哪里我能订到两张票。
The problem is where we can go to find Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. 问题是我们到哪里去找杜莎夫人蜡像馆。
3．Where 可以引导定语从句。
Miss Zhou works in the school where there are numerous experienced teachers. 周老师在一所有无数有经验教师的学校工作。
This is the place where there was an airplane crash happened one month ago. 这个地方曾在一个月前发生了一次飞机失事事故。
Have you noticed the place where I have made some notes . 你注意到我作笔记的地方了吗？
America is a country where most students don’t live in dorms while in high school or middle school. 在美国大部分的学生在高中或初中不住宿舍。



Exercise:
*I．Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1）they go the motherland wherever them need most.
2) you can where make a mark you have where any questions?
3) will work he wherever need the people him.
Suggested Keys:
  1) They will go wherever the motherland need them most
  2) Can you make a mark where you have any questions?
  3) He will work wherever the people need him.
**II．Extend the following sentences with the word “where …” 用“wherever…”扩写下列句子。
1)        Go wherever / where…
2)        We have the right to live where / wherever…
3)        Where…, the crops grow fast.
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.

***  III.Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1)        叔叔住在一个气候寒冷的地方。My uncle lives where the weather is freezing / cold.
2)        想坐在哪里就坐在哪里。Sit wherever you like.
3)        我们最好去一个静一些的地方学习。We had better go where it is quieter to study..

三: 原因状语表达法：
原因状语从句通常由下列单词引导：Because（因为）, as（由于）, for （由于）, since（既然，由于）…等。
例如：
He can't deliver his lectures today because he has got a bad cold .
他今天不能去讲课了，因为他患了重感冒。
I may not be able to attend your wedding party not because I'm not willing to but because I've been caught by something recently.
我或许无法参加你的婚礼了，不是我不想去而是近来有些事情缠着我无法脱身。
I won't dwelt too much time on this matter as it is known to everybody.
由于大家都知道这件事，我就不在这件事上多花时间了。
Since you are busy enough we won't trouble you any more .
既然你们忙得够呛，我们就不再麻烦你们了。
Because it is raining heavily, we have to change our plan to go outing.现在下着这么大的雨，我们不得不改变去郊游的计划。
As the weather was fine, we decided to climb up the mountain.
由于天气晴朗，我们决定去登山。
She is loved by all for she is kind and pretty .
由于她长得漂亮、人又好而深受大家喜欢。
2）关于since和now that
这两个词在表示原因的时候是近义词，都有表示"既然"的意思。但其不同之处在于：now that只能以"新发生的情况"作为某事发生的原因；而在表示"既然"意思的时候就没有这种限制。例如：
Now that the rain is going to stop, we'd better get ready for the afternoon's match .
（此句中，Now that引出的从句显然是表示"新出现的情况"，在句子中作"主句动作发生的原因。也就是说，只有在这种情况下才可以用Now that引导从句，是表示"既然"的意思。）既然雨要停了，我们最好为下午的比赛作好准备。
Since you're so interested in English, why not have a try in the English Speech Contest ?
既然你对英语这么有兴趣，为什么不试一试参加英语演讲比赛？
原因状语从句通常用because , as和since, for 来引导。
例如：
Because the computer is widely used, people get the information of what they need conveniently on the Internet.
因为电脑已经被广泛使用，人们可以很方便的在互联网上得到他们需要的信息。
It is winter because there are much snow covered the top of the mountain.是冬天了，因为山头上有许多雪。
The teacher was angry not because we were late but because we made an excuse for being late .
他很生气不是因为我们来迟了，而是因为我们为迟到编了个借口。
As it was raining hard , we had to put off our sports meeting . 由于雨太大，我们推迟运动会。
I went to bed early, as I was too tied. 我睡得早，因为我太累了。
Since you feel ill , you’d better have a good rest at home . 既然你感觉不舒服，你最好在家好好休息。
Since we are here, we may as well stay and make the best of it. 既来之，则安之.
The new arrival student was absent from school today, for he had been in bed with flu for two days. 这位新来的学生今天没上学，因为他患感冒躺在床上两天了。
Jack is poor at study, for his favorite subject is not on his curriculum. 杰克学习不好，因为他最喜欢的课程不再课表上。
但：
注意哦：*1.because （因为） 和so （所以） 不能一起使用。
例如：
Life is like a box of chocolates because you never know what you are going to get. √
生活就像一盒巧克力，因为你不知道你将会吃到什么（味道的巧克力）。
或：You never know what you are going to so life is a box of chocolates. √
Because you never know what you are going to get, so life is like a box of chocolates.×
改为：
The vicar woke up with a start at night by noise outside, so he got up to see what was going on . √
教区牧师夜间被一阵噪音惊醒，因此他起床去看看发生了什么事情。
Because the vicar woke up with a start by noise outside, he got up to see what was going on . √
Because the vicar woke up with a start by noise outside, so he got up to see what was going on . ×

2. * because 和because of虽然都表示“因为”关系，但是because连接一个句子；而because of 连接一个单词或短语； 两者在一定情况下可以相互转换。

例如：
Sue decided to pet the dog because she thought it wouldn’t bite her. 苏决定摸摸这条狗因为她认为它不会咬她。
The vice president had to put off the meeting because of the typhoon khanun. 副总裁不得不因为台风卡努而推迟会议。
He has made rapid progress in English because he works really hard at his study. 因为他真的很用功学习，所以很快他英语就取得了进步。
该句可以用”because of” 表达为：
He has made rapid progress in English because of his hard-working at his study .

3.** because 和as ，since，for之间有一定的区别，即：
1) 在回答问题的时候（通常是回答“why” 引导的问句），通常使用because，而不用as, since,和for,
  ---Why was the girl in red crying in the street ?  
---Because she lost her way home. Let’s come to help.
---为什么穿红色衣服的女孩在街上哭？
---因为她找不到回家的路了。我们去帮帮她吧。

2) because 语势最重，而且通常说明的原因是别人所不知道的，as 和since则通常表示的原因是显而易见的或别人已经知道的。
  Tim always has a headache because he likes watching TV for a long time. 蒂姆经常头痛因为他喜欢长时间的看电视。
  As he was really hungry, he took out the only one apple and took a large bite, without peeling the skin of it.
因为太饿了，他拿出最后一个苹果，没有削皮就咬了一大口。
  Since you are so cold, why not come in and get warm. 既然你那么冷，为什么不进来取暖呢？
3）for 引导的时间状语通常必须放在主句之后，并用逗号与主句隔开；若该从句不是说明直接原因，而是对多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
  He committed a crime and was put into prison, for he robbed a bank a year ago. 他因一年前抢银行而犯罪被送往监狱。
  Mum must be at home now, for the light is still on. 妈妈现在肯定在家，因为灯还亮着。
  
4）        若because引导的原因状语从句在句末，并且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。
I didn’t catch your idea, because / for you had a low voice. 我没有明白你的意思，因为你的声音太小。
She cried with joy, because / for everyone here cares her so much. 她高兴得哭了，因为这里的每一个人都那么的关心她。
4．*** now that （既然，由于）也可以引导原因状语从句.
例如：
  Now that you are grown up, you should learn to be responsible for your own action.
既然你长大了, 就应该学着对自己的行为负责了。
Now that he is much better, he can go on with his English study.
既然他好多了, 就可以继续学习英语。

Exercise:
*I. Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1)He see his doctor went to he had some problems because with his stomach.
2) he as didn’t know it before you not should blame on him too much.
3) you come for help since I a piece of advice will give you.
Suggested Keys:
1)        He went to see his doctor because he had some problems with his stomach.
2)        As he didn’t know it before, you should not blame on him too much.
3)        Since you come for help, I will give you a piece of advice.
**II．Extend the following sentences with the word “because / as / since …” 用“because / as / since…”扩写下列句子。
1)        I ask you to hurry because…
2)        Since… you should work harder.
3)        As … I can hardly recognize (辨认出) you.
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.
***III. Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1)        他没来上学因为他头痛。
2)        由于风太大，你最好带上围巾。
3)        既然你卧病在床，你就让别人代你来开会吧。
Suggested Keys:
1）He didn’t come to school because he had something wrong with his head / because he had a headache.
2) As the wind is fierce, you’d better take a scarf with you.
3) Since you lie in bed, you ask somebody else to attend the meeting instead of you..

四: 目的状语表达法：
目的状语从句常用的引导词有“so that+从句”, “that+从句”和“in order that+从句”译为：以便，为了，目的是。
例如：
Would you please speak more slowly so that I can catch your meaning ?
您能讲慢一点吗？以便我能理解你的意思。
Peter, make a shopping list that you may not forget the things you need to buy. 彼特，写一个购物单，以免忘记你要买的东西。
I sent my file by air mail in order that it might reach the boss in time.
我将我的档案以航空信发出，以便老板能及时收到。

注意哦：*1）目的状语从句的谓语常含有may/ might , can/could, will/ would等情态动词
否则便可能是结果状语从句。
例如：
He studied hard so that he could get more knowledge. 他努力学习以便能得到更多的知识。（目的状语从句）
He studied hard so that he got more knowledge. 他努力学习,得到了更多的知识。 （结果状语从句）
2）**在句子主语不变的情况下，“so that+从句” 和 “in order that+从句”可以用动词不定式so as to, in order to代替
例如：
I asked five more dollars from my mother so that I can tip the waiters there. 我向妈妈多要了五美元以便给那儿的服务员小费。
该句还可以表达为：
I asked five more dollars from my mother so as to tip the waiters there.
The criminal didn’t confess his crime in order that he could get away with it. 这个罪犯为了逃脱罪名没有供认他的罪行。
该句还可以表达为：
The criminal didn’t confess his crime in order to get away with it.
３）***“for fear that+句子, in case+句子”也能够引导原因状语从句，但它们表示否定的目的，相当于so that…not或in order that…not，意思是：“以免、以防”
例如：
Students in Class Two like taking notes in class for fear that they should forget them. 二班的同学喜欢上课记笔记，以防忘记（上课内容）。
The gate-keeper locked the door cautiously for fear that someone would get in when he was absent. 门卫小心谨慎的把门锁上以防他不在的时候有人进去。
You’d better take along more clothes in case it is cold in Beijing. 你最好多带点衣服以防北京冷。
The thief wore a mask in case someone will recognize him. 小偷戴了一个面具以防有人认出他。

Exercise:
*I. Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1) took medicine Jim on time every day he might get that well soon.
2) I to take the front seat would like in order that I may see clearly things around.
3) Look around crossing the street before you can be safe so that.
Suggested Keys:
1) Jim took medicine on time every day that he might get well soon.
2) I would like to take the front seat in order that I may see things around clearly.
3) Look around before crossing the street so that you can be safe.
**II．Extend the following sentences with the word “that / so that / in order that …” 用“that / so that / in order that…”扩写下列句子。
1）        Put away all the books on the desk …
2）        Charles ran faster …
3）        I would rather go to People’s Square by underground…
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.
.*** III.Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1)        早点起床以便能赶上早班车。（用两种方法）
2)        他们把帽子放在前面好让路人投钱。
3)         要诚实，人们才能相信你。
Suggested Keys:
1）        Get up earlier so that / that /in order that you can catch the early bus.
Get up earlier so as to / in order to / to catch the early bus.
2)        They put a cap in the front of them so that passers-by can drop money into it.
3)  Be honest so that/ that / in order that people can trust you..

进来学习一下,谢谢分享,期待后文..

不好意思。这周重感冒了，耽误了文件的上传。

五: 结果状语表达法
结果状语从句常用的引导词有：that+从句, so that+从句, so…that+从句, such …that+从句
What has happened that you look so upset? 发生了什么事？你看起来很不安。
The mechanic didn’t make a good plan so that he failed to finish the work on time. 这名机械师因没做好计划而没有按时完成工作。
Tiananmen Square is so large that it can hold 1 million people. 天安门广场很大，能够容纳1百万人。
John had had so many falls that he was black and blue all over when he came back. 约翰跌了很多跤，他回来时浑身青一块紫一块的。
When I went back home for reunion on January 24th, there were such a great number of people in the station that I nearly couldn’t get on the train.我1月24日回家团圆的时候，车站里有那么多人我几乎上不了火车。

注意哦：1.“so …that ”和/“such…that” 都可引导结果状语从句。不同的是：So 是副词， 后接形容词或副词；such是形容词，后接名词，包括可数和不可数
例如：
The film “ Harry Porter” is so attractive that it attracts us all greatly. 电影《哈里波特》很有魅力，我们都被它深深地吸引住了。
My father was in such a hurry that he forgot to bring his air ticket. 爸爸走得太匆忙了，竟忘了带飞机票。
2.”so…that” 和 “such…that” 可以相互转换
She is so well-mannered that everyone likes her. 她彬彬有礼，所有人都喜欢她。
该句可以改为：
She is such a well-mannered girl that everyone likes her
3． 如果不可数名词或复数可数名词前有，many, much, little, few 修饰时，用so…that
They provide me with so many places of interest that I don’t know which one to go to. 他们给我提供了这么多的名胜古迹，我都不知道该去哪儿。
There is so much noise here that I can’t hear you clearly. 这儿有太多噪音，我听不清你说的话。
I had so little money that I can’t afford this set of books. 我的钱太少，买不起这套书本。
The little girl has so few friends here that she can’t help feeling lonely. 小女孩的朋友太少，她禁不住感到孤独。
Exercise:
*I．Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1）so terrible the weather was that I with my family couldn’t go out.
2) such a nice car it is that it everyone attracts nearby.
3) Li Yuchun in the programme behaved so well that she became soon well-known.
Suggested Keys:
1）The weather was so terrible that I couldn’t go out with my family.
2) It is such a nice car that it attracts everyone nearby.
3) Li Yuchun behaved so well in the programme that she became well-known soon.
**II. Extend the following sentences with the word “that+从句, so that+从句, so…that+从句, such …that+从句…” 用“that+从句, so that+从句, so…that+从句, such …that+从句…”扩写下列句子。
1)        Eric has a busy life …
2)        She is so curious about her son that…
3)        I made such rapid progress that…
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.
***III.Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1)         有太多事务要处理(do with)，我没能好好照顾父母。
2)        他举止不文明，到处扔瓶盖。
3)        这位年轻人很勇敢，只身横渡太平洋。
Suggested Keys:
1）There were so many affairs to do with that I couldn’t take a good care of my parents.
2) He is so bad-mannered that he throws bottle caps everywhere.
3) The young man was so brave / courageous that he crossed the Pacific Ocean alone..

六: 条件状语表达法
条件状语从句通常用的引导词有：if（如果，假如）, unless，在意义上相当于if…not， 意思是：除非，要不……就不
例如：
, If anything happens to you, maybe I can help. 如果你遇到什么事情，或许我能够帮忙。
My little niece never cries unless someone blames her wrongly. 除非有人错误地责备她，（否则）我小侄女不会哭的。
I will let you go out at this time as/ so long as you promise to come back on time. 只要你保证按时回来，我才会让你这时候出去。
He is going to be better on condition that he follows the doctor’s suggestions. 只要他遵照医嘱他会更好些。
注意哦：**1。if 作“如果”时，它引导的从句要用“主将从现”原则，即：主句用一般将来时的时候，从句用一般现在时。
例如：
If I meet her tomorrow, I will tell her to see you off at the airport. 如果我明天遇见她，我会告诉她去机场为你送行。
If it doesn’t rain the day after tomorrow, shall we go spring outing? 如果后天不下雨，我们去春游，好吗？

***2。引导条件状语从句的连词还有： as / so long as （只要，如果）, suppose (that) （假设）, supposing (that) （假设）, in  case（如果、万一），on condition (that)（如果）once(一旦) …
例如：
You can borrow this encyclopedia as long as you return it on time. 只要你按时还你可以借这本百科全书。
Suppose / Supposing that there is a competition again, surely I will make better preparations for it.
in case在英国英语中表示目的，在美国英语中可表示条件，表示得含义为“如果、万一”，
例如：
Don’t worry, Peter, in case our house was burned down, we’ll get a large amount of the insurance money to buy another one.
别担心，彼特。万一我们的房子被烧掉了，我们会得到一大笔保险金再买一个。
I promise not to tell your secret to anybody else on condition that I am not forced to. 我答应不把你的秘密告诉别人，只要我不是被迫的。
Once printed, this composition book will be very popular!
一旦出版，这本作文书将会非常畅销！
Once he arrives we can start.
他一到我们就可以动身。
Exercise:
*I.Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1）        it is fine If tomorrow I will with you go on camping.
2）        be dangerous it will you stop smoking unless right now.
3）        ready to help I am you that you tell me on condition your problem.
Suggested Keys:
1)        If it is fine tomorrow I will go on camping with you.
2)        It will be dangerous unless you stop smoking right now.
3) I am ready to help you on condition that you tell me your problem
**II. Extend the following sentences with the word “if”, “unless”, “so (as) long as（只要）”, “on condition that（如果，只要）”
用“if” , “unless”, “so (as) long as（只要）”, “on condition that（如果，只要）”扩写下列句子。
1)        You will be free of charge (免费)…
2)        Kid can never touch his father’s computer …
3)        The Blacks can keep the puppy …
Suggested Keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.
***III.Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1)        只要你一直问下去，你会找到任何问题的答案。
2)        除非你立刻动身，否则你会迟到的。
3)        只要努力迟早(sooner or later)就会取得进步。
4)        如果二年后他再来此地，他会发现这个城镇已经发生了巨大的变化。
Suggested Keys:
1)        If you keep asking, you will find the answer to any question.
2) Unless you start at once you will be late.
3) You will make progress sooner or later on condition that you work hard at it.
4) If he comes here two years later, he will find that this town has changed a lot..

七: 方式状语表达法
方式状语从句的引导词通常有：as （如同，像……一样）, （just）as…so…(正如……，就像……)， as if (好像), as though(好像)
1）        as引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后
You should do your work as Grace does. 你应该像Grace一样工作。
Leave it as it is. 不要管它。
但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：
　　 As water is to fish, so air is to man.
　 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
　 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
　正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2）：as if, as though
Jerry immediately threw himself to the bed the moment he got home as if (as though) he was very exhausted.
Jerry一家就扑到床上，好像筋疲力尽似的。
She stared at me for quite a long while as if (as though ) she had met me  somewhere before.
她盯了我好大一会，好像她以前再哪儿见过我似的。
难点，as if 还有其它的用法：
（1）用在look, seem 等系动词后引导表语从句，表示“看起来……，好像/似乎……”。
例如：
　　This young lady looks as if she were ten years younger in the photo. 这位年轻的女士在照片上看起来好像年轻了十岁。
　　It seems as if the 2008 Olympic Game in Beijing will be a big success. 看来2008年北京奥运会将是一个很大的胜利。
　　（2）. 引导方式状语从句。如:
　　The kind step-mother loves the boy as if she were his mother. 这位善良的继母爱这男孩,好像她是他的母亲一样。
　　My niece talked as if she were a grown-up. 我侄女谈起话来像个成年人似的。
　　（3）as if 用于省略句中
如果as if 引导的从句的主语和主句的主语是一致，而从句是"主语+系动词"结构时, 可以把as if 后的主语和系动词省略，,这样as if 后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语或分词。
例如:
　　He acts as if (he was / were) a saint. 他做事像个圣人一样。
　　Mike raised his hand as if (he was /were going) to have something to ask. 汤姆举起手好像有什么事情要问。
　　The manager left the room hurriedly as if(he was / were)angry.经理匆匆忙忙离开房间好像很生气的样子。
    He looked at me surprisedly as if (he is ) seeing me for first time. 他吃惊的看着我，好像是首次见我一样。
　    He cleared his throat as if (he is) to say something.  他清了清喉咙好像要说什么。
　　（4）as if 从句的语气及时态
　　(a) . as if 从句用陈述语气的情况。
当说话者认为句子所述的是真实或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。
例如:
It sounds as if it is raining. 听起来像是在下雨。
It seems as if there is going to be another TV series on recently. 最近好像又有一部电视剧要上演了。
　　（b） as if 从句用虚拟语气的情况。
　　当说话者认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时,从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下:
　　(1)从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时。如:
　　he looks as if he cared nothing. 他看上去好像什么也不在乎。
　　He talks as if he knew everything.他说话的样子,好像他什么都知道似的。
　　(2)从句表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用"had+过去分词"。如:
　　He talks about Jade Buddha Temple excitedly as if he had been there for many times. 他激动得谈起玉佛寺好像他去过很多次似的。
　　The girl stood still as if she had been turned into a stone. 那女孩站着一动不动,像已经变成了石头似的。
　　(3)从句表示与将来事实可能相反,谓语动词用"would / could / might+动词原形"。如:
　　Seeing the accident, the motorcyclist opened his mouth as if he would say something.  目睹了这场事故，摩托车手张了张开嘴好像要说什么。
It looks as if it might snow. 看来好像要下雪了。
Exercise:
*I.Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1)        asked me the boss to do the things as he asked.
2)        He on his face showed nothing as though he the surprising news had known before.
3)        It it’s going to rain looks as if several days.
4)        Julia a spokesman speaks as if.
5)        The girl in red as if interrupted she say would something important.
6)        He burped had eaten a lot as if he.
7)        Mr. Jackson bended as if he had had a stomachache.
8)        It seemed as if he has been a millionaire.

Suggested Keys:

1)        The boss asked me to do the things as he asked.
2)  He showed nothing on his face as though he had known the surprising news before.
3)  It looks as if it’s going to rain several days.
4)        Julia speaks as if a spokesman.
5)        The girl in red interrupted as if she would say something important.
6)        He burped as if he had eaten a lot.
7)        Mr. Jackson bended as if he had had a stomachache.
8)        It seemed as if he has been a millionaire.

**II.Extend the following sentences with the word given.用所给单词扩写下列句子。
1）        Care exists everywhere around you although…
2）        The robbers told the clients in the bank to collect the money as…
3）        My Chinese teacher treats me well as if…
4）        The wind is too strong now. It looks as if…
5）        The witch got down on his knees in front of the God as though…
6）        It seemed as if…
7）        Why don’t you do as…
8）        Stay where as…
Suggested answers:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.

***III.Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1)        为什么你不照我说的做呢？
2)        她做起事来像一个考虑很周到的人。
3)        看起来你们昨天晚上聊得很尽兴（to one’s heart content）。
4)        好像我的手表停了。
5)        看来我哥哥约翰，他也是我的同班同学，好像把我的秘密泄露出去了。
Suggested answers:
1)        Why don’t you do it as I told you? / Why not do it as I told you?
2)        She acts as if she was a thoughtful girl. / She acts as if a thoughtful girl.
3)        You look as if you chatted to your heart content with each other last night.
4)        It seems as if my watch doesn’t’ work.
5)        John, my elder brother and my classmates as well, looked as if he had leak my secret out..

八）让步状语从句：
让步状语从句常用的引导词有：though（虽然）, although（虽然），as（尽管，虽然）, even if （即使）, even though（即使） , however（不管怎样）, whatever（无论什么）, whichever  （无论哪一个）whoever（无论谁）, whenever （无论何时），wherever （无论哪里）, no matter when ( how , what , who , where , which ) [ 无论何时（怎样，什么，谁，何地，哪个）whether…or…　不管……都……
1. although; though
although和though都表示“虽然、即使”，一般可以互换使用。
例如：
Although it was raining hard, we still actively went to take part in the costume ball held by our school.
虽然雨下的很大，（但是）我们还是积极参加了学校举办的化妆舞会。
I never forget to keep on constant touch with my mother although I stay out. 虽然我不在家，但是我从不忘和妈妈保持不断的联系。
We managed to reach the top of the mountain, though it is too high. 虽然这座山很高，我们还是设法到达了山顶。
Though it is daytime, I can’t see the building in the distance clearly because of my short sight. 虽然是白天，但是因为近视我还不能看清楚远处的建筑。
注意哦：1.无论是“though”还是“ although”都不能与“ but”连用
即：句子当中出现“though”或者“although”就不能再用“but”; 若句子中出现“but”就不能再用“though”或者“although”。
例如：
虽然有些晚了，但是他还坚持不完成工作不休息。
Though it was a little late, he insisted that he not rest until he finished the work. √
It was a little late，but he insisted that he not rest until he finished the work. √
Though it was a little late，but he insisted that he not rest until he finished the work. ×
虽然他是一个在日本出生年轻人，但是他宁愿在中国度过他的大部分生活。
Although he was young Japanese-born man, he would rather spend most of his life in China. √
He was young Japanese-born man but he would rather spend most of his life in China. √
Although he was young Japanese-born man, but he would rather spend most of his life in China. ×

2. though 可以和even 连用， although则不可以
例如：
  Even though the competition is fierce, I have enough confidence to win the first prize. 即使比赛竞争激烈，但是我还是有足够的信心夺得第一名。
  Although it is spring, still it is pretty cold. 即使是春天了，但是仍然很冷。
Even though he’s very nice, I don’t really trust him
Poor though he is , he is happy
3.though可以用在倒装的句子中，although 则不可以；although 经常位于从句的句首
例如：
Clever though Judy is, she is not diligent in her English study.  虽然茱蒂很聪明，但是她在英语学习上却不用功。
“Tall though you are, you cannot help me reach my trunk at the top of the wardrobe.” His young sister complained.
“虽然你很高，但是你却不能够帮我拿到衣柜上面的箱子。”他的妹妹抱怨道。

Exercise:
*I.Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1)        Although we for some times have quarreled, you are still good friend my.
2)        Mum went out fetching me medicine for it rained dogs and cats outside though.
3)        Though he he didn’t lose his heart failed in the exam.
4)        My brother although keeps on study he has from school graduated.
5)        I have another try would like to though the chance is slim of getting success.
6)        although the kind girl was married to the boy the boy was very poor.
7)        He would rather for further study not go abroad it can make him knowledgeable though.
8)        the little boy ugly is though, he is quite gentle.
Suggested keys:
1)Although we have quarreled for some times, you’re still my good friend.
2)Mum went out for fetching me medicine though it rained dogs and cats outside.
3)Though he failed in the exam he didn’t lose his heart.
4)My brother keeps on study although he has graduated from school.
5)I would like to have another try though the chance of getting success is slim.
6)The kind girl was married to the boy although the boy was very poor.
7)He would rather not go abroad for further study though it can make him knowledgeable.
8)Ugly the little boy is , he is quite gentle.

**II.Extend the following sentences with the word given.用所给单词扩写下列句子.
1)        Although… he looked pale.
2)        The shop owner can make plenty of money though…
3)        I still feel cold though…
4)        The beggar in the street kept begging though…
5)        Though… he is not happy.
6)        He managed to get the first prize in the competition though…
7)        Though … he knows a lot about geography.
8)        Buses bring us much convenience though…
Suggested keys:
Any reasonable key is accepted.
***III. Translate the sentences below. 翻译下列句子：
1)        虽然你意识到了你的错误，但是你还需要向你朋友道歉。
2)        虽然雨下得很大，但是他仍然按时到校了。
3)        虽然她年龄很小，但是反应很快。
4)        你送给我的礼物虽然不贵重，但对我来说它意义重大。
5)        虽然通过欺骗的手段通过了这次考试，但是你周围的人将不会再信任你了。
Suggested keys:
1)        Although/Though you realized your fault, you still need to apologize to your friend.
2)        Though/ Although it was raining heavily, he still arrived at school on time.
3)        Though/ Although she is young, she is quick-minded.
4)         Although / though the gift you gave me was not expensive, it meant a lot to me.
5)         Although / Though you passed the exam by cheating, people around you will not trust on you any more.

2. even if ; even though
even if和even though都表示“即使”，通常两者可以互换使用，
例如：
Mrs. Smith hated to be wrong, so when she made a mistake she will never admit it even if (even though) she knows it.
史密斯夫人讨厌犯错误，因此当她犯错误的时候，即使她知道（错了）她也永远不会承认的。
My three-year-old niece enjoys talking even though (even if ) she can’t express herself fluently with limited words.
我三岁的小侄女喜欢讲话，即使她不能用有限的词语表达的很流畅。
3．as
As 引导让步状语从句时通常放在句首，作主句的补语或状语等。
Young as she is, she knows a lot about the space because of his father. 虽然她很小，但是因为她爸爸她懂得很多有关宇宙的知识。
Famous as Jet Li is, he is very modest. 虽然李连杰很有名，但是他很谦虚。
Poor as she is, she is pretty happy. 虽然她很贫穷, 但她非常的幸福。
注意哦：as和 though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词）提前
Proud as these two nobles are, they are afraid to see me
Exercise:
*I.Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1)        I have go to another city enough courage (勇气) to even though it is to me absolutely（完全的，绝对的） new.
2)        Will you marry her still you don’t love her even though?
3)        as he is old , he full of is energy.
4)        I don’t like to even if I will be well-paid work for you.
5)        George is even talkative though hurts him a lot the wound.
6)        as you might try, you at last failed.
7)        Young as she is , she fortune（财富）has made a lot of.
8)        Mum always forgives （原谅） me I have done for her for whatever, it is wrong occasionally（偶尔）even though.
Suggested keys:
1) I have enough courage to go to another city even though it is absolutely new to me.
2) Will you still marry her even though you don’t love her?
  3) Old as he is , he is full of energy.
4) I don’t like to work for you even if I will be well-paid.
5)George is talkative even though the wound hurts him a lot.
6)        Try as you might, you failed at last.
7)        Young as she is , she has made a lot of fortune.
8)        Mum always forgives me for whatever I have done for her, even though it is wrong occasionally.
**II. Extend the following sentences with the word given.用所给单词扩写下列句子.
1) I know your secret of success even though…
2) Even though… I can tell the difference between these twins.
3) Smart as… he is not as quick-minded as his brother.
4) She can make a chocolate cake all by herself even if…
5) Hey, boy! Can you find your way home even if….
6) You must wash the dishes even though…
7) Short as… he can reach the apple on apple trees.
8)Hungry as…he will not eat food given by his enemy.
Suggested keys:
Any reasonable answer is accepted.
***III.Translate the following Chinese into English by using “even though” “ even if” “as”.用“even though” “ even if” “as”把下面中文翻译成英文。
1）        即使秀兰•邓波儿（Shirley Temple）年龄很小，但是她享誉全世界。
2）        即使你没有说出来，我也知道你要说什么。
3）        即使扭了踝关节，你也不需要为它用那么多的绷带。
4）        金钱虽然很好，但是没有朋友重要。
5）        虽然他上了年纪，但是记忆力很好。
Suggested keys:
1)        Even though/ Even if Shirley Temple is young, she is world famous.
2)        Even though/ Even if you didn’t say it, I’ve already known what you were going to say.
3)        Even though/ Even if you twisted your ankle, you didn’t need all those bandages for it.
4)        Good as money, it is less important than friends.
5)        Old as he is , he has a good memory.

4.whoever（无论是谁）, whatever（无论什么）, whichever（无论哪一个）, whenever（无论什么时候）, wherever（无论哪里）, however（无论怎样）…
   Whoever breaks the law, he will be punished. 无论谁违反法律都要受到惩罚。
   Whoever wants to board the plane, he must show his air ticket first. 无论是谁想登机都要先出示他的飞机票。
   Whatever the girl wants, her parents always try their best to meet her expectations? 无论小女孩想要什么，她父母都回尽力满足她的要求。
.Whatever I buy for my parents, they will accept it with much pleasure. 无论我为父母买什么，他们都会满心欢喜的收下。
Whichever choice you make, I will give you my much support. 无论你作何选择，我都会给你巨大的支持。
Whichever you like, take it.  无论你喜欢什么都可以拿去。
Whenever you come at night, make sure to wake me up. 无论你晚上什么时候回来，一定要叫醒我。
Whenever his mother shows, the little baby keeps smiling. 无论他妈妈什么时候出现，这个小孩始终保持着微笑。
Wherever you go, do keep in touch with me. 无论你到什么地方，一定要和我保持联系。
Wherever the enemy hided, surely the Chinese People's L-Army would find them out.
无论敌人藏匿在什么地方，中国人民解放军肯定都会把他们找出来。
However hard it is, those climbers will manage to conquer it. 无论多难，那些登山者们都会设法战胜。
"However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter."
狐狸再狡猾也敌不过好猎手。
注意哦：以上这些以-ever的wh-词都可以与“no matter + wh-”互换使用
即：whoever =no matter who, whatever=no matter what, whichever=no matter which, whenever=no matter when, wherever=no matter where, however=no matter how. 意思都是“无论……”，引导让步状语从句，且常用于口语中。
例如：
No matter who you talk with, it’s important to keep polite. 无论你和谁讲话，保持礼貌是很重要的。
该句还可以表达为：
whoever you meet, it’s important to keep polite.  
No matter what you do, do what is really good for you. 无论你做什么，做真正对你有益的事情。
该句还可以表达为：
Whatever you do, do what is really good for you.
注意哦：“no matter + wh-” 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句,而以-ever的wh-词可以引导主语从句和宾语从句。
例如：
a)  No matter what my good friend says is believable.  ×
   主语从句
无论我好朋友说什么都是可信的。
（应该改为）
Whatever my good friend says is believable.
b) Does the policeman have to record no matter what the robber said? ×
                                          宾语从句
   警察不得不记录抢劫犯所说的话吗？
  （应该改为）
Does the policeman have to record whatever the robber said.

5．Whether…or （不管……还是）
  Whether you believe it or not, the puma really appears in our village. 不管你信不信，那个美洲狮在我们村子里出现了。
Whether the typhoon comes or not, we’d better take some precautions for it. 不管台风来不来，我们最好做些预防措施。
Whether it is fun or not outside, I would rather stay at home. 不管外面是否有趣，我都宁愿呆在家里。
Exercise:
*I.Put the words in each sentence into the right order. 把下列句子中的单词按正确的顺序排列。
1)        Whoever comes, say that I am out.
2)        Whatever you want, I will buy it for you.
3)        Wherever she goes, her little dog will surely follow her.
4)        No matter which work you do, try your best to do it.
5)        No matter when he comes back home, his wife will wait for him for dinner.
6)        Whether the police comes or not , we must try to stop the thief from running away.
7)        Pastsy can go however he likes.
8)        Sally carries an electronic dictionary, wherever she goes.
Suggested keys:
1)Whoever comes, say that I am out.
2)Whatever you want, I will buy it for you.
3)Wherever she goes, her little dog will surely follow her.
4)No matter which work you do, try your best to do it.
5)No matter when he comes back home, his wife will wait for him for dinner.
6)Whether the police comes or not , we must try to stop the thief from running away.
7)Pastsy can go however he likes.
8)Sally carries an electronic dictionary, wherever she goes.
**II. Extend the following sentences with the word given.用所给单词扩写下列句子.
1)        I will not let you in whoever…
2)        Would you like to join me wherever…
3)        No matter what… he will do it for her.
4)        Whether it is … or not, I will check it out.
5)        However… I will not give it up.
6)        No matter when…, let me know first.
7)        Whichever …, keep it on.
8)        We decided to finish this project whatever…
Suggested keys:
Any reasonable answers is accepted.
***III.Translate the following Chinese into English.把下面中文翻译成英文。
1)        无论是谁作这个有关火的课题，都必须充分的做好准备。
2)        不管你信不信，明天上海会有一场黎明的演唱会。
3)        无论你去哪里，安全总是位于第一位的。
4)        无论他有多伤心，他都不会表现在脸上。
5)        无论你选择哪一种生活方式，开心最重要。
Suggested keys:
1)        Whoever wants to do the project on fire, he must make full preparations. / No matter who wants to do the project on fire, he must make full preparations.
2)        Whether you believe or not, there will be / there is going to be a Leon’s concert tomorrow.
3)        Wherever you go, safety always comes first. / No matter where you go, safety always comes first.
4)        However sad he is, he will not show it on his face / No matter how sad he is, he will not show it on his face.  
5)        Whichever life style you choose, happiness is the most important thing / No matter which life style you choose, happiness is the most important thing..

意外发现好东西，先献花，再下载
谢谢老师！.

.

九：比较状语从句：
这里的比较状语从句指的是形容词或者副词的比较状语从句，其引导词有：than（比……）, as … as（如……一样）not so / as…as (不如……一样) , “the +more(比较级)… , the +more(比较级)…”（越……越……），等。
形容词的比较级：
（1）        一般来说，单音节的形容词的比较级多用在该形容词后直接加-er的形式。
例如：
Hot---hotter     cold---colder
Wide---wider    short---shorter
（2）还有一些以“辅音+y”的单词需要把”y”变成“i”，然后再加“er”.
例如：
Healthy---healthier      happy---happier
Lucky---luckier        funny---funnier
（3）三音节或三音节以上的多音节的形容词，其比较级的构成是“more+形容词原级”（形容词原级即该形容词原形）。
例如：
Convenient---more convenient          difficult-----more difficult
Necessary---more necessary             handsome---more handsome
II.        副词的比较级
（1）        单音节的副词的比较级构成：副词+er
例如：
Fast---faster        hard---harder
Early---earlier      late----later
(2) 由“形容词+ly”构成的副词的比较级一般是：more+副词
例如：
Slowly---more slowly        wisely----more wisely
Tightly---more tightly        quickly---more quickly
III.        部分形容词和副词的比较级构成是不规则的，（这里需要背出来才行啊！）
例如：
Good ----better       bad---worse
Old----older / elder    far---farther / further
Much---more        little----less
Well----better      badly---worse
例如：
The Jinmao Building is taller than any other building in Shanghai. 金茂大厦比上海的其他任何建筑都高。
I want to be as strong as Arnold Schwarzenegger. 我想如阿诺史瓦辛格一样强壮。
Rachel doesn’t write as carefully as Jim. Rachel 没有Jim 写的仔细。
The winter in Shanghai is warmer than that in Beijing. 上海的冬天比北京的冬天暖和。
He has a good eating habit, so he is much healthier than I . 他有一个很好的饮食习惯，因此他比我更健康。
The older you are , the more understanding you will be. 你的年龄越大，你就会越懂事。
The more you eat, the fatter you will be. 你吃的越多，你就会越胖。
注意哦：1。hard 既可以作形容词，又可以作副词，所以要与“hardly （几乎不）”区别开来。
例如：
This problem is much harder to solve than that one.这个问题要比那个问题难解决的多。
He works harder than anyone else. 他比别的任何人都刻苦。
hardly的用法：
It hardly snow in Shanghai, does it? 上海几乎不下雪，对吗？

2．比较级前可以由以下单词修饰：much, even , a little, a bit, a litter bit, far…
例如:
1．Although she suffered a lot, she is much happier than before. 虽然她遭遇了很多事，但是她比以前快乐的多。
2. To catch up with other students in his class, he studies even harder. 为了赶上班里的其他同学，他更加努力学习了。
3. My blouse with short sleeves is a little/ a bit cheaper than yours. 我的短袖衬衫比你的腰便宜一些。
4. Good boy, your room is a little bit tidier than before. 好孩子，你的房间比以前整洁了点。
5. His name-branded T-shirt is far more expensive than mine. 他的名牌体恤比我的要贵得多。
3．形容词或者副词的“+er”的比较级不能与“more”连用。
例如：
Joe works __________ than his elder brother.
A. much more harder      B. more hardly
C. much harder          D. much hardlier
Key: C
A：more 和“副词+er”不能连用。
B：hardly 表示“几乎不”，”hard”本身可以作副词。
C：正确选项
D：原因同B

4。 注意比较对象要保持一致。
例如：
1．The summer in southern areas is a little hotter than that in northern areas. 南方的夏天比北方的夏天热一些。
2. Students in Class One are much more diligent than those in Class Two. 一班的学生比二班的学生勤奋多了。
3. Look, your room is much untidier than hers. 看，你的房间她的脏乱多了。
5. 比较级可以表示最高级含义。
1． Yangts River is longer than any other river in China. 长江是中国最长的江。
  = Yangts River is the longest river in China.
  = Yangts River is longer than any river else in China.
2.Peter is taller than anyone else in his class. 彼特是他班里最高的学生。
= Peter is taller than any other student in his class.
=Peter is the tallest students in his class.
注意哦：any other 后只能跟单数名词。

6. more and more 或者“比较级+比较级” 表示：越来越……
例如：
Kitty, I haven’t seen you for years. You’ve become more and more beautiful. 凯蒂，很长时间没有见你了，你变得越来越漂亮了。
Our country will surely become stronger and stronger. 我们的国家肯定会变得越来越强大。
The items in exams is more and more difficult. 考试中的题目越来越难了。
It is hotter and hotter in summer. 夏天越来越热了。
Computers plays a more and more important role in the modern society. 计算机在现代社会中起着越来越重要的作用。

7.如果than和as … as中第二个as后面跟的是人称代词，则该代词应该用主格形式。
例如：
Her mother is as tall as she (is) .她妈妈没有她个高。√
Her mother is as tall as her.×
She is much more knowledgeable than I. √
She is much more knowledgeable than me. ×
I am thinner than he. √
I am thinner than him. ×
Exercise:
I. Fill in the blanks with the proper conjunctions.在下列各句的空格中填入适当的连词：
　　1. _________ he comes tomorrow, I shall ask where he has been.
　　2. _________ he was speaking, everybody listened carefully.
　　3. I saw her just _________ she was getting off the train.
　　4. Have a good look at that man _________ you pass him.
　　5. It was already eight o clock _________ we got there.
　　6. I was about to go out _________ a visi- tor came.
　　7. We ll go to the country at the beginning of June, _________ the summer harvest will start.
　　8. He learned to speak German _________ he was in Berlin.
　　9. Henry is in charge of the office ________ Mr. Smith is away.
　　10. I listen to the recorder _________ I have time.
　　11. He had learned Chinese _________ he came to China.
　　12. _________ the work was done, we sat down to sum up experience.
　　13. I haven t seen him _________ he moved to the other side of the town.
　　14. I waited ________ he came back.
　　15 It was not ________ he took off his eyeglasses that I recognized him.
　　16. She likes everything to be in place ________ she starts to work.
　　17. The thieves ran away _________ they caught sight of the police.
　　18. They decided to go back home _________ their money ran out.
　　19. We played outside till sunset, _________ it began to rain.
　　Keys:
　　1. When 2. While / When 3. as 4. when/as 5. when 6. when 7. when 8. while 9. while 10. whenever 11. before 12. After 13. since 14. till/until 15. until 16. before 17. as soon as 18. before 19. when
II． Choose the best answer. 选择最佳答案。
　　　1.The WTO cannot live up to its name _______ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.      
        A. as long as               B. while
        C. if                               D. even though
       2.She found her calculator ________ she lost it.
        A. where                         B. when
        C. in which                D. that
       3.The man will have to wait all day _______ the doctor works faster.      
        A. if                               B. unless
        C. whether                 D. that
       4.—Did you remember to give Marry the money you owed her？
         —Yes, I gave it to her _______ I saw her.         
        A. while                   B. the moment
        C. suddenly             D. once
       5.John shut everybody out of the kitchen _________ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.         
        A. which                         B. when
        C. so that                         D. as if
       6.As far as I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn, _______.
        A. the more for life are you equipped
        B. the more equipped for life you are
        C. the more life you are equipped for
        D. you are equipped the more for life
       7.He was about to tell me the secret ________ someone patted him on the shoulder.
        A. as                      B. until
        C. while              D. when
      8.________, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John.      
        A. As long as I have traveled
        B. Now that I have traveled too much
        C. Much as I have traveled
        D. As I have traveled too much
       9.The famous scientist grew up ________ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.
        A. when                 B. whenever
        C. where                 D. wherever
       10.You will succeed in the end _______ you give halfway.
        A. even if                 B. as though
        C. as long as       D. unless
       11.—Was his father very strict with him when he was at school？
           —Yes, he had never praised him _______ he became one of the top students in his grade.  
        A. after            B. unless
        C. until            D. when
       12.It was an exciting moment for these footballfans this year, _________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.      
        A. that             B. while
        C. which                 D. when
       13.Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report ________ her boss could read it first next morning.
           A. so that            B. because
           C. before               D. or else
       14.Mr. Hall understands that _______ math has always been easy for him, it is not easy for the students.
           A. unless     B. since    C. although   D. when
       15.Don’t be afraid of asking for help ________ it is needed.  
           A. unless               B. since
           C. although            D. when
       16.A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners’ curiosity ________he reaches the end of the story.
           A. when                B. unless
           C. after                  D. until
       17.—How far apart do they live？
          —________ I know, they live in the same neighbourhood.      
           A. As long as              B. As far as
           C. As well as              D. As often as
       18.He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _______ it got worse.         
A. until                        B. when                  C. before               D. as
       19._______ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.
           A. Even though      B. Unless
           C. As long as              D. While
       20.—Dad, I have finished my assignment.
         —Good, and _________ you play or watch TV, you mustn’t disturb me.  
           A. whenever                 B. whether
           C. whatever               D. no matter
       21.The two boys look _______ much alike _______ no one can tell them apart.
       A. so; that                          B. so; and
       C. as; that                          D. such; that
       22.The teacher will give us an interesting talk _______ you said.
       A. as to                         B. just as
       C. just like                        D. so that
       23.It was ________ done _______ Marry jumped up with joy.
       A. so beautifully; that      
       B. such beautiful; that
       C. such beautiful; as   
       D. so beautifully; as
       24.He succeeded in solving all the problems _____.
       A. as expecting             B. that expected
       C. than expecting      D. as expected
       25.She made a note of it ______ she might forget.
       A. so that                          B.  in order that
       C. if                                 D. in case
       26.It is generally believed that teaching is _____ it is a science.
       A. an art much as       B. much an art as
       C. as an art much as       D. as much an art as
       27.The clock was striking twelve ______ down the street.
       A. because I walked       B. as I walked
       C. since I was walking        D.while I was walking
       28.He is _______ here as he was at home.
       A. almost as happy           B. as happy almost
       C. as almost happy           D. almost happy as
       29.Just as music as a universal language, _____.
       A. so it is a mirror of the time
       B. as a mirror of the time
       C. it is also a mirror of the time
       D. so is a mirror of the time
       30.Nancy hasn’t begun on her PH.D ________ working on her master’s degree.
       A. still because she is yet
       B yet as a result she is still
       C yet because she is still  D still while she is already  
       答案与解析
       1.C  此题考查连词。A项意为“只要”，B项意为“当……时”或“然而”，C为“如果”，D为“即使”。本句译为： 如果WTO不接收一个拥有世界人口五分之一的国家，它就愧对它的名字。
       2.A  此题考查连接副词where引导一个地点状语从句的用法。此题因为没有先行词只能是一个状语从句。
       3.B  此题是unless引导一个条件状语从句的用法。根据题意：如果医生不快点工作的话，我们就会等上一整天，只有B合意。
       4.B  此题考查the moment作连词的用法，相当于as soon as 的用法。根据句意，只能选B， while所引导的状语从句中的谓语动词要用延续性的动词。
       5.C  正确理解语意是解决本题的关键，so that引导的是目的状语从句。
       6.B  从所提供的情境the more you learn, 并结合所给的选项可以确定这是: the more…, the more…的句型，表示：越……越……。这句话的意思是：我认为教育是有关学习的事，你学得越多，你对生活准备得就越充分。
       7.D  此题考查be about to do something when…这个句型的用法，when的意思是：这时（ at the time）. 这句话的意思是：他正要告诉我这个秘密，这时有人拍他的肩膀。
       8.C  这是一个让步状语从句。As在引导让步状语从句时，要把所强调的形容词放在句首。句意是：虽然我走过了那么多的地方，但我从来没见过像John这样能干的人。
       9.C  where引导的是地点状语从句。句意：这位著名的科学家在出生地长大，1930年他来到上海。因为在句中有表示时间的介词短语in 1930, 所以排除when和whenever, wherever引导让步状语从句。
       10.D       条件状语从句。句意：如果你不中途放弃，你最终会成功的。
       11.C never 与until形成搭配。句意：他成为年级中最好的学生时，他父亲表扬了他。从He had never praised him 可以看出父亲表扬过他是事实，所以B项unless（强调条件关系）不合题意。这样说是合情合理的：Yes, he would never praise him unless he could become one of the top students in his grade.
       12.D       时间状语从句。句意：当他们的队首次获得世界杯时，这对于这些球迷来说是今年的一个令人激动的时刻。
       13.A       so that引导目的状语从句。
       14.C       句意：Mr. Hall懂得尽管数学对他来说向来容易，但对学生来说并不容易。
       15.D       句意：当需要帮助的时候，不要害怕向人求助。
       16.D       句意：一个优秀的故事讲述者必须能够让听众的好奇心一直维持到讲到故事的结尾处。
       17.B 据我所知。
       18.C       句意：他犯了一个错误，但没等形势恶化就扭转了局面。
       19.C       句意：如果我知道这笔钱安全的话，我就不会为它担忧。
       20.B whether …or …引导让步状语从句，“无论是不是……都……”。句意：不管你玩呢还是看电视，你都不要打扰我。
       21.A       so… that… “如此……以致于……”，so 后接形容词或副词。
       22.B just as 引导比较状语从句。此题句意为：老师将给我们做一个像你讲的那样的有趣的报告。
       23.A       “so… that …”，so 后接副词或形容词。
       24.D       as expected = as was expected.
       25.D       in case “为了，以防”，引导目的状语从句。
       26.D       as… as… “像……一样”，much应在冠词之前。
       27.B 句中的strike是非持续性动词，其动作与walk同时发生，用as不用while.
       28.A       在as…句型中，almost 应放在第一个as（副词）之前。
       29.A       so引导结果状语从句。
       30.C       because引导原因状语从句，yet是副词，“然而，而”，still 是副词，“仍然，还”。
III． 中考题目透视：
① I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, ___________. (1996.6)
A.however much it costs   B.however does it cost much
C.how much does it cost   D.no matter how it costs
② ____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.(2000.6)
A.Although much he likes her   B.Much although he likes her
C.As he likes her much        D.Much as he likes her
③ ____ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.(1999.1)
A.Even if      B.As far as      C.If only       D.So long as
④ ____ their differences, the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.(1998.1)
A.But for     B.For all     C.Above all      D.Except for
       答案
① D      ② D    ③  A    ④ B.

第二章：英语中的否定结构的特殊用法
英语中的否定结构总体上分为两类，即明否定和暗否定。明否定的句子意思表达较明显,而对于一些暗否定的句子,对于一些没有掌握好的同学来说，这样的句子往往很难理解。这里简述一下中学英语中几种常见的暗否定表达。
1．你能翻译出下列句子吗？
　　1）. He is the last man for me to invite.
2）Cheating was the last thing I would do.
答案：1）再怎么说我也不会邀请他。
      2）我最不愿意做欺骗的事情。
总结：
　　在以上两句中的last表示否定意义,它常用于“the last+名词. (...)+to do/定语从句”结构中,表示"最不可能的,怎么说也不会的"。
1.        试翻译：
1）The waiter failed to serve the dishes to us for a moment.
2）I used to failed algebra when I was in high school.
答案：1）服务员一时忘了给我们上菜。
      2）我上高中的时候曾经代数不及格。
说明：
fail to do=not succeed in doing sth. "未能……,没有……"; 而“not/never fail to do”则表示“一定,务必”。
例如:
　　I never fail to keep my promise. (I keep my promise without fail. )我一定守信。
2.         试翻译：
1) Our monitor is above such conduct.
2) John is not above asking questions.
答案：1）我们班长不屑于这种举动。
      2）约翰不耻下问。
说明：
“人+be above + 名词/ 动词+ing” 表示“ 不原意……，不屑……”。
　试翻译：
1）He is far from a good dentist.
2）I'm far from pleased with his behaviour.
答案：1）他远远不是一名好的牙医。
2）         我对他的表现很不满意。
说明：
　　“far from”表示“远远不,一点也不”
5. 试翻译：
1）That old building is anything but safe.
2）I will do anything but lie to others.
答案：1）那座建筑一点也不安全。
2) 我决不向别人撒谎。
说明：
　　“anything but”表示“根本不,决不,一点也不”
6. 试翻译：
1）He is more a scholar than a teacher.
2）You are more hardworking than intelligent.
答案：1）与其说他是位教师倒不如说他是个学者。
2）        与其说你聪明不如说你勤奋。
说明：
　　“more... than”表示“与其……不如……”
7. 试翻译：
1）You have changed beyond recognition.
　　2) This work is beyond my ability.
答案：1）你已变得使人认不出来了。
2）这件工作非我力所能及。
　　说明： beyond 表示“超出……范围,非……可及”
8. 试翻译：
1）But for your help, I would have failed.
2）But for the computer, I wouldn’t work so efficiently.
答案：1）如果没有你的帮助,我不会成功的。
    2）如果没有电脑，我不会这么有效率的工作。
　　说明：
　　“but for ”表示“要不是,如果没有”
9. 试翻译：
1）I know better than to quarrel with him.
2）He knows better than to ask for more pocket money from his parents when he gets a bad report.
答案：1）我不至于笨到和他吵架。
   2）当他成绩不好时，他不至于笨到向父母要更多的零花钱。
　　说明：“know better than to do” 表示“不至于笨到去做……”
10．试翻译：
1）It is too cold for me to go swimming.
2) He is too short to reach the apples on the table.
答案：1）对我来说，天气太冷,不能去游泳。
3）        他个子太矮了，不能够到桌上的苹果。
说明：
　　“too...to”表示“太……而不能”
注意哦：当too前有only时,常与happy, glad, pleased, ready, easy等词连用,too表示"非常,很",后面的不定式表肯定。
例如:
　　We were only too pleased to be able to help you out. (我们很高兴能够帮忙).

好！好！
收藏了~.

第三章：被动语态中的特例
被动语态是指在不知谁是动作执行者或没必要指出谁是动作执行者，或需要强调动作的承受者时使用，其基本形式是“系动词+过去分词”。但在现实语言运用中，会出现一些用主动形式表达被动含义的情况，现将英语中用主动语态表达被动含义的几种情况归纳如下：
1.        表“需要”含义的动词，如need, want, require等类型的单词作谓语时，其主语若是物时，这些动词后面可跟动名词，即动词的主动形式表示被动含义。
例如：
　　The flowers in the garden doesn't need watering, for it rained last night. 花园里的花不需要浇水，因为昨晚刚下过雨。
　　The broken tap really requires repairing. 这个坏了的水龙头确实需要修理了。
注意哦：在这种情况下，也可跟不定式的被动语态表达相同的含义。
例如： 这个病人需要日夜看护。
This patient needs nursing all day and all night.
=This patient needs to be nursed all day and all night.
2. 一些表示感觉、感官的系动词，常用主动形式表示被动含义，类似用法的单词有：sound （听起来）, feel （感觉，觉得，感知）, smell （嗅, 闻到）, taste （品尝,）, look（看起来）等。
例如：
Your explanation sounds reasonable. 你的解释有道理。
Water feels cold in winter. 冬天水很凉。
The dishes you cooked smelt nice. 你做的菜很闻起来很香。
He tasted the wine and it tasted wonderful! 他尝了尝这酒，味道棒极了。
I have to say that you look older in this photo. 我不得不说在这张照片里你看起来年龄大了些。
3． 在“be worth doing”（值得……）结构中，用动名词主动形式表示某事值得被做。
例如：
This computer is expensive, but it is worth buying. 这部电脑虽然很贵，但很值得买。
It isn’t worth being angry with him. 不值得和他生气。
4. 动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义。
　　动词不定式主动形式表被动含义较复杂，一般分下面3种情况：
(1)        be+形容词(或有这种形容词修饰的名词)+to do，这时的形容词表示主语所具有的特征。如：heavy(重的), light（轻的）, big（大的）, strong（强壮的）, nice（美好的, 和蔼的）， beautiful （美丽的, 很好的）, easy（容易的, 安逸的, 舒适的, 宽裕的）, hard （硬的, 坚固的, (问题, 工作等)困难的, 艰苦的）, difficult（困难的, 艰难的, (人)难相处的）, fit （合适的, 恰当的, 健康的）, comfortable（舒适的）, dangerous（危险的）等。
例如：
　　  Miss Bing is a nice person to work with. 炳小姐是一个很好共事的人。
     Naan bread is delicious to eat. 印度飞饼很好吃。
The wind is strong to blow away heavy objects. 风太大，能把重物吹走。
注意哦：1. 在这种结构中，因为主语充当着不定式的逻辑宾语，所以不定式一定用及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。
例如：1）对他来说，这道数学题很容易的就能做出来。
错误：This Maths problem is easy for him to work.
正确：This Maths problem is easy for him to work out.
2)与这种老虎生活在一起是危险的。
错误：This kind of tigers is dangerous to live.
正确：This kind of tigers is dangerous to live with.

2.too+形容词+to do及形容词+enough+to do结构也适合用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
　　The meeting hall is large enough to hold more than 200 people. 这屋子开会用足够大了。
　　The luggage is too heavy to carry. 这行李太沉，以至于无法搬动它。
(2)不定式作定语时，若与所修饰词之间是动宾关系，但与主语之间是主谓关系，即句子主语是该动作的实施者，不定式用主动形式表达被动含义，否则，用被动形式。
例如:
　　1) I have too many necessaries to buy this weekend. 这个周末我有太多的必需品要买。
　　    2) —Do you have anything to be bought?  你有什么要买的吗？
　　解析：在1)句中，是由主语“I”去做“buy”的动作，所以用主动形式“to buy”；在2)句中，根据语境，不是主语“you”去做“buy”的动作，而是由说话者去做，故用被动形式“to be bought”。
　难点：有时句子的主语和不定式虽不能构成直接的主谓关系，但句中另外一个名词或代词和不定式是主谓关系，也用主动形式表达被动含义。例如：
My sister gave me a tape-recorder to use. 姐姐给了我一个录音机用。
解析：句中虽然my sister与 use不是直接的主谓关系，但me和use是主谓关系, 所以用”to use”。
　　(3)在“ there be…”结构中既可用主动形式也可用被动形式，而且意思相近，若强调做动作的人则用主动形式；若强调动作本身，则用被动形式。例如：
　　There are another five hundred words for me to write. 我还要写500个字。
　　There are another five hundred words to be written. 有500个字要写。
　　7. 下列一些词语必须用主动形式表达被动含义，它们是：happen / take place（发生）, belong to （属于）, break out （突发, 爆发,）, come out （出来, 长出, 传出）, come about （发生, 产生,）, come into use（开始被使用）等。例如：
　　The word came into use three centuries before. 三个世纪前就开始使用这个单词了。
     Great changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform and opening-up was carried out.
自从实施改革开放以来，中国已经发生了巨大的变化。
This watch belongs to me. Yours is over there. 这个手表是我的，你的在那里。.

第四章：容易犯的错误表达：
在写作文的过程中，由于中英文之间的差别，往往会造成各种表达上的错误，为了使句子表达更加地道，准确化，现整理出以下容易犯的错误表达，以供借鉴：
一: 需要在其后跟动词的现在分词的单词或词组：
1）look forward to 期待，盼望
例句：我期待收到你的来信。
错误：I look forward to hear from you.
正确：I look forward to hearing from you.
(2) prefer…to 比起……更喜欢……
例句：比起读书我更喜欢看报。
错误：I prefer to read newspapers to read books.
正确：I prefer reading newspapers to reading books.
（3）practise  练习，锻炼
     例如：我建议你应该多练习拉小提琴。
错误：I suggest that you should practise to play the violin more.
     正确：I suggest that you should practise playing the violin more.
(4) can’t help 忍不住 ……
例如：每次我一个人出去，妈妈总是忍不住地为我担心。
错误：Whenever I go out alone, Mum always can’t help to worry about me.
正确：Whenever I go out alone, Mum always can’t help worrying about me.
(5) be worth doing sth. 值得做……
例如：这本书值得一读。
错误：The book is worth to read.
正确：The book is worth reading.
相同用法的单词，即其后加动名词的有：
Mind (介意) ；enjoy (享有……乐趣) ; keep（保持）; anticipate（预料） ; appreciate（感激）; consider（考虑）;deny（否认，拒绝） ; favor（支持）; give up（放弃） ; resent（怨恨，不满）; risk（冒险）; include（包括）; advise（建议）; suggest（建议）; delay （延迟）; postpone （延迟,延期）miss（错过）; avoid（避免）…
Eg:
Do you mind my opening the window? 你介意我打开窗户吗？
Let’s enjoy dancing together, shall we? 我们一起跳舞吧，好吗？
Fred, you always keeps me waiting for a long time. 弗雷德，你总是让我等很长时间。
I anticipate seeing my mother very soon.  我估计/期待很快见到我妈妈。
We will appreciate hearing from you again. 我们会恭候佳音。
My uncle is considering going on a trip to Tibet. 我叔叔在考虑去西藏的旅行。
He denied accepting the present she gave. 他拒绝了她给的礼物。
Some countries still favor building the nuclear power station.一些国家仍然支持建立核电站。
My father has given up smoking. 爸爸已经戒烟了。
I resent his interfering in my business. 我不喜欢他干涉我的事情。
Don’t risk breaking the law. 不要冒险触犯法律。
My duties include cleaning the room and cooking dinner for the whole family. 我的职责是打扫房间和为全家人做饭。
The teacher advised my asking for sick leave. 老师建议我请个病假。
= The teacher advised me to ask for sick leave.
He suggested visiting his grandpa three times a week. 他建议一周三次去看望他爷爷。
I’m so sorry that I delayed answering your letter. 很抱歉，我延迟了给你的回信。
He postponed sending an answer to me. 他暂缓了对我的答复。
This little dog only missed having been run over by a truck. 这只狗差点被卡车辗过去。
I ran faster to avoid being caught in the heavy rain. 为避免被大雨淋，我跑的更快了。

二:需要跟动词不定式的动词：
（1）refuse: 拒绝
例如：每次过天桥时，他都拒绝乘自动扶梯。
错误：Whenever he crosses the overbridge, he refuses taking an escalator.
正确： Whenever he crosses the overbridge, he refuses to take an escalator.
注意： “decline”和 “ reject”也都能表示“拒绝”的含义，但是“decline”后即可以用动词不定式，又可以用动名词；而
       “ reject” 后只能用名词或代词。
（1）        afford ： 供应得起； 担负的起
例如：在我国，仍有一些人付不起学费。
错误：There are still some people who cannot afford paying their schooling.
正确：There are still some people who cannot afford to pay their schooling.
(3)        agree : 同意
例如：经理已经同意把薪水增加10%。
错误：The manager has agreed increasing salaries by ten percent.
正确：The manager has agreed to increase salaries by ten percent.
(4)        choose: 选择
例如：她决定乘飞机去而不是开车去。
错误：She chose flying rather than drive.
正确：She chose to fly rather than drive.
(5)        manage: 设法，把……处理好
例如：你怎么把他说服的？
错误：How did you manage persuading him?
正确：How did you manage to persuade him?
(6)        pretend: 假装
例如：他假装没看见我。
错误：He pretended not seeing me.
正确：He pretended not to see me.
(7)        promise: 允诺，答应
例如：妈妈答应要给我买个新玩具。
错误：Mum promised buying me a new toy.
正确：Mum promised to buy me a new toy.
(8)        decide: 决定
例如：我们决定要到海边去度假。
错误： We’ve decided spending our holiday at the seaside.
正确：We’ve decided to spend our holiday at he seaside.
注意：“decide”的同义词“determine”也是相同用法，即其后用动词不定式。
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*I. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) I’m so sorry to delay to E-mail you.
2) Would you mind passing me a piece of paper?
3) We’ve decided to move to another place.
4) I look forward to see you soon.
5) He can’t help to look at that charming girl again.
6) We suggested to have another try.
7) Let’s practise to play the guitar once more.
8) Didn’t you promise to come here on time?
9) Finally he managed climbing to the top of the mountain.
10) Sorry, I can’t afford paying the bike now.
Keys:
1) F   2) T  3) T  4)  F  5) F  
6) F  7) F   8) T  9) F   10) F
Reasons:
1)        I’m so sorry to delay E-mailing you.
2)        T
3)        T
4)        I look forward to seeing you soon.
5) He can’t help looking at that charming girl again.
6) We suggested having another try.
7) Let’s practise playing the guitar once more.
8) T
9) Finally he managed to climb to the top of the mountain.
10) Sorry, I can’t afford to pay the bike now.
**II. Fill in the blanks with the right words given.
1)        I’m considering _______( change) another job.
2)        I used to deny _______ (make ) mistakes.
3)        He chose ________ (go) abroad when he left school.
4)        My father gave up ______ (smoke) last year.
5)        They agreed ______ (take) me to the Great Wall this summer holiday.
6)        Would you like to practise ________ (sing) pop songs with me?
7)        I pretended ________( be)angry just now.
8)        We’d better postpone _______ (go) to Bangkok.
9)        We should choose ________ (escape) in front of difficulties.
10)         Somebody risked _________ (break ) the rules in class.
Keys:
1) changing       2) making       3) to go      4) smoking       5) to take
6) singing         7) to be         8) going     9) to escape      10) breaking
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
1)         看到了一些感人的画面，她忍不住地哭了。
2)        我在考虑参加上海市初中英语竞赛的事情。
3)        虽然他够胖了，但是他仍然不停的吃些不健康的食品。
4)        爸爸每天都练习跑步以保持健康的身体。
5)        哥哥从不介意做家务。
6)        妈妈已经同意给我买个V型领的连衣裙。
7)        老师进来时他假装读英文书。Pretend to read
8)        昨天他设法五折卖出了那件赝品（fakement）。
9)        Rose答应 Jack要勇敢的活下去。
10)        我们决定明天去看电影《撞车》。
Keys:
1)        Watching these moving acts, she couldn’t help to crying.
2)        I’m considering taking part in Shanghai Middle School English Contest.
3)        Although he is fat enough, he still kept eating unhealthy food.
4)        Dad practises running every day to keep healthy.
5)        My brother never minds doing the chores.
6)        Mum has agreed to buy me a dress with the V-neck.
7)        He pretended to read an English book when the teacher came in.
8)        He managed to sell the fakement at 50 per cent yesterday.
9)        Rose promised Jack to survive bravely.
10)         We decided to see the film called “Crash”..

真是好贴子, 正需要.LZ辛苦了!.

准备打出来.

三: 容易用错介词的动词词组
1）complain 抱怨
例如：他应该没有什么可抱怨的。
错误：He should have nothing to complain.
正确：He should have nothing to complain of / about.
说明：complain 后跟名词或名词词组时，要用“complain of / about”.
2)        depend  依靠，依赖，依……而定
例如：无论我们做任何事情都必须依靠我们自己。
错误：No matter what we do, we must depend ourselves.
正确：No matter what we do, we must depend on/upon ourselves.
注：和“depend” 具有相同意思的单词“count”“reckon”“rely”等有同样的用法，即count on ; reckon on ; rely on…

3) despair 绝望
例如：不要丧失成功的信心。
错误：Never despair success.
正确：Never despair of success.
说明：“对……绝望” 要用“despair of…”
4        )dream 梦想，幻想
例如：我梦想成为一个百万富翁。
错误：I dreamt to be a millionaire.
正确：I dreamt of being a millionaire.
说明：“dream of… ”表示“梦想，幻想……”
5) object   反对
例如：我反对这项五年计划。
错误：I objected the five-year plan.
正确：I objected to the five-year plan.
说明：“object to…”表示“反对……”
6        ）Reply 回答，响应， 答复
例如：对我的邀请，他未做任何响应。
错误：He replied nothing to my invitation.
正确：He didn’t replied to my invitation.
说明：“reply”的同义词 “respond”具有相同用法，即“respond to…” （答复 ……）
2）        Abide依从 遵守
例如：请放心我们一定遵守诺言。
错误：Please be assured that we will abide to our promise.
正确：Please be assured that we will abide by our promise.
说明：“abide by…”表示“依从……； 遵守……”；其同义词组为“comply by…”.
3）        arise 引起，起源于
例如：麻痹大意会引起交通事故的发生。
错误：Traffic accidents arise by carelessness.
正确：Traffic accidents arise from carelessness.
说明：“arise from”表示“由……引起，起源于……”。
4）        persevere 坚持，坚持不懈
例如：我姐姐每天坚持不懈的练习电脑打字。
错误：My sister perseveres to practise typing letters on the computer every day.
正确：My sister perseveres in practise typing letters on the computer every day.
说明：“perseveres in”表示为“坚持……，对……坚持不懈”。
5）        succeed 成功
例如：史密斯先生成功的使他的公司享誉全世界。
错误：Mr. Smith succeeded to make his company become world famous.
正确：Mr. Smith succeeded in making his company become world famous.
说明：“succeeded in…”表示为“在……方面成功”
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*I. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) They complain the food in cafeteria.
2)         You can count on my help.
3)  The general public objects the use of drugs.
4) The patients in that hospital have responded their treatment rapidly .
5)  The staff in the ship despaired to reach the shore safely.
6)  Smoke arose from the chimney.
7) He just persevered to knock at her door.
8) I have succeeded in persuading him to walk with me for a while.
Keys:
1) F     2) T   3) F     4) F   
5) F     6) T   7) F     8) T
Reasons:
1) They complain of/ about the food in cafeteria.
2) T
3) The general public objects to the use of drugs.
4) The patients in that hospital have responded rapidly to their treatment.
5)  The staff in the ship despaired of reaching shore safely.
6) T
7) He just persevered in knocking at her door.
8) T
**II. Fill in the blanks with the right prepositions .用正确的介词填空。
1）        She likes reckoning ______ others’ help.
2）        When I was a child, I dreamt ______ being a well-known doctor.
3）        No one but Tom objected ______ our plan.
4）        Class Two despaired ______ winning the tug of war last time.
5）        Don’t complain ______ anybody else when you come across something difficult,
6）        The little boy responded really well _____ the questions raised by his teacher.
7）        Kitty persevered ______ asking for sick leave.
8）        I have succeeded ______ finishing my task.
Keys:
1)  on   2) of   3) to   4) of   
5) of / about  6) to  7) in  8) in
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
1） 约翰总是满腹牢骚。
2）我们应该学会依靠自己解决周围的问题。
3）你小时候梦想成为什么样的人？
4）建筑师强烈反对这项工程。
5）我每天坚持半小时的晨读。
Keys:
1) John is always complaining about something.
2) We should learn to depend / rely on ourselves to solve problems around us.
3) What kind of person did you dream of when you were a child?
4) The architect objected strongly to the project.
5) I persevere in reading for half an hour in the morning every day..

四:容易混淆的名词和介词的搭配
1）        aim 目的
例如：我来的目的是邀请你去看韩国连续剧《大长今》。
错误：My aim of coming here is to invite you to see the Korean sitcom Dae Jang Geum.
正确：My aim in coming here is to invite you to see the Korean sitcom Dae Jang Geum.
说明：“aim in…”表示“……的目的”。
2）        attitude 态度
例如：有时我们对待明星的态度是不对的。
错误：Sometimes our attitude about popular stars is not right.
正确：Sometimes our attitude towards popular stars is not right.
说明：“attitude towards…” 表示“对……的态度”
3）        respect 尊敬
例如：对我们来说，学会怎样尊敬他人是必需的。
错误： It is necessary for us to learn how to respect to others.
正确：It is necessary for us to learn how to respect for others.
说明：“respect for”表示“对……表示尊敬”或“尊敬……”。
4）        marriage 结婚，婚姻
5）        例如：她和杰克的婚姻很美满。
错误：Her marriage with Jack is perfect.
正确：Her marriage to Jack is perfect.
说明：“marriage to sb.”表示“和……的婚姻/ 结婚”。
6）        operation 手术
例如：医生对小狗做了个手术来挽救它的生命。
错误：The doctor performed an operation for the puppy to save its life.
正确：The doctor performed an operation on the puppy to save its life.
说明：“perform an operation on sb./ sth. ”表示“对……做手术”。
7）        information 信息
例如：我从电脑上查找了一些旅游信息。
错误：I looked for some information of the trip on the computer.
正确：I looked for some information on/ about the trip on the computer.
说明：“information on/ about”表示“有关……的信息”。
8）        success 成功
例如：我们一家对我通过了大学考试感到非常高兴。
错误：My success of passing the entrance exam of the college made my whole family excited.
正确：My success in passing the entrance exam of the college made my whole family excited.
说明：“success in …”表示“在……取得成功”。
9）        contempt 蔑视，看不起
例如：我表现出我对不诚实的人的蔑视。
错误：I showed my contempt to dishonest men.
正确：I showed my contempt for dishonest men.
说明：“contempt for…”表示“对……的蔑视/看不起”。
10）        doubt 怀疑
例如：我对此毫不怀疑。
错误：I have no doubt to it.
正确：I have no doubt of / about it.
说明：“doubt of / about”表示“对……的怀疑”。
其他的一些名词与介词搭配的用法总结
11）        表示“影响，依靠，依赖”等的名词,如：effect, influence, dependence, reliance…其后的介词一般是“on/ upon”.
例如：He has an great influence on/ upon our decision. 他对我们的决策有着很大的影响。
      Although he has his own family, he lives in dependence on his parents.
      虽然他已经有自己的家庭了，但是他还是要依靠他的父母。
     For most students, playing too many computer games has a bad effect on their study in school.
     对大多数的学生来说，玩太多的电脑游戏对他们的学校里的学习有着很糟糕的影响。
      We have reliance upon our class teacher.  我们信赖我们的班主任老师。
     注意哦：若需要表示“A 对B 的影响/ 依赖……”则为“the effect/ inpendence of A on B”.
11)        表示“信心，相信，信任，信仰”等的名词，如：confidence（信心）; belief（信任, 信心, 信仰）; faith（信任, 信念）; trust（信任, 信赖）…其后的介词一般是“in”。
例如：
Every time she goes to the competition, she has great confidence in her success.
每次她去比赛都会满怀胜利的信心。
As a member of the Communist Party, I have belief in Communism. 作为一名共产党员，我信仰共产主义。
I have faith in his ability to win this game. 我相信他有赢得这场比赛的能力。
We can put our trust in him. 我们可以信任他。
12)        表示“优越，比……有优势”等的名词，如：advantage(优势，有利条件, 利益), superiority（优越, 高傲）, priority（先, 前, 优先, 优先权），authority(权威, 威信, 权威人士, 权力), control(控制, 支配, 管理)…其后的介词一般是“over”。
例如：
He has an advantage over me because he is more hardworking. 他比我有优势，因为他比较努力。
The superiority of cities over countrysides is very clearly.  城市比乡村的优越性是显而易见的。
Public schools has priority over private ones. 公办学校比私立学校要有优势。
Parents in our country have more authority over their children. 我们国家的父母亲对孩子有较多的权威性。
I lost my control over him. 我控制不住他了。
13)        表示“借口，原因”等的名词，如：excuse（理由, 口实, 借口）, cause（原因, 动机, 理由）, reason（理由, 原因）…其后的介词一般是“for”。
例如：
Jim always has many kinds of excuses for being late. 吉姆总是有很多种迟到的理由。
Would you please tell us your reason for not handing your homework on time? 你能说说没有按时交作业的原因吗？
There is no cause for carelessness. 没有马虎的理由。
注意：“excuse, cause, reason”中只有“cause”后有时可以跟“of”，其余两个不可以。
例如：The cause of disappearing boats near Bermuda Triangle is still mysterious. 在百慕大魔鬼三角附近船只消失的原因仍然是个谜。
14)        表示“离开，避开，缺席”等意义的名词，如：absence（不在, 缺席）, shelter（掩蔽, 保护, 庇护所）,divorce (离婚, 脱离), retirement(退休, 引退), resignation(辞职, 放弃), freedom(自由, 自主), relief ((痛苦等的)减轻, (债务等的)免除)…其后的介词一般是“from”。
例如：
His absence from meeting yesterday made everybody worried. 他昨天开会的缺席使得每一个人忧心忡忡。
Let’s took shelter from the storm in a barn.
我们在一个谷仓里躲避暴风雨吧。
The little boy suffered a lot from his father’s divorce from his mother. 爸爸与妈妈的离婚使得小男孩痛苦万分。
Many teachers’ retirement from teaching made the headmaster upset. 许多老师的退休使校长非常不安。
I hope all the people in the countryside will enjoy freedom from poverty. 我希望乡村的所有人都将不再贫穷。
The medicine he took just now gave him a relief from great pain for a moment.他刚刚吃的药让他暂时缓解疼痛。
15)        表示“增，减，降，升”等意义的名词，如：rise(上升, 增加, 上涨), fall(落下, 降低), increase(增加, 增大, 增长), decrease(减少, 减少之量)…其后的介词一般是“in”,表示“在……上升/ 降低/增加/减少”。
例如：
Three-fourth of the teachers expected to have a rise in wages.
四分之三的老师希望加工资。
Today there was a fall in temperature, so he caught a cold.
今天，由于气温下降，所以他患了感冒。
Nowadays, Tourists coming to visit different places of historical interest in China increase in numbers every year.
目前，来中国参观不同的历史古迹的旅游者在数量上每年都在增加。
There has been a decrease in sales for two weeks.
两周以来销售量都在下降。

16)        表示“解答，回答”等意义的名词，如：answer(答案, 回答), reply(答复, 回击) ,response(回答, 响应, 反应)…其后的介词一般是“to”,表示“对……回答/答复”。
例如：
My uncle made no reply / response / answer to my invitations.
我叔叔对我的邀请未做任何回应。
Peter’s response to my request was always prompt.
彼得对我的请求总是回应的很快。
In order to answer / response to our request, our teacher had to give us another five minutes to discuss.
为了答复我们的请求，我们老师不得不在给我们五分钟讨论的时间。
Mum smiled in reply to my question.
妈妈笑了笑，作为对我问题的回答。
17)        表示“入口，通道”等意义的名词，如：entrance(入口, 门口), access(通路,入门), admission(进入权：进入的权力；进入), approach(方法, 步骤, 途径, 通路), entry(进入, 入口)…其后的介词一般是“to”。
例如：
At the entrance to the Exhibition Centre, there are many types of cars parked.
在会展中心的入口处，泊着许多类型的轿车。
The police have access to the restricted area, haven’t they?
警察有权通过禁区，对吗？
Taiwan's admission to the United Nations is forbidden.  
禁止台湾加入联合国。
While SARS were prevailing, all approaches to the downtown were blocked.
当SARA盛行的时候，去市区的通道全被堵住了。
Is there anybody who has free entry to anywhere else besides his home?
有没有人能够自由出入除家以外的任何地方。
18)        表示“愿望，要求，请求”等意义的名词，如：desire(愿望, 心愿, 要求), demand(要求, 需求(量), 需要), need(需要, 必需, 要求), request(请求, 要求), requirement(需求, 要求) , wish(愿望, 心愿, 请求), ambition(野心, 雄心)…其后的介词一般是“for”。
例如：
She studies harder because she has d desire for a better high school in two years’ time.
她更努力学习了，因为她想两年以后上一个更好的高中。
There is a great demand for such kind of books.
这种类型的书需求量很大。
He reads a lot because of his great need for more and more knowledge.
因为他十分需要越来越多的知识，所以他读了很多书。
Let me know if you have a request for help.
如果你请求帮助，告诉我。
I have a requirement for another new piano.
我想再要一架新的钢琴。
Although they were not rich, they have no wish for wealth which does not belong to them.
虽然他们不是很富裕，但是他们没有要不属于他们的财富的愿望。
Usually a man with ambition for success ends with failure.
通常野心勃勃要成功的人以失败而告终。
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*I. Read the following sentences and tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) His attitude of emigrating to foreign countries is negative.
2) He has no doubt about everything I tell him.
3) I am going to marry with a person who is warm-hearted.
4) She had an operation with her stomach.
5) There is no increase on robbery these days.
Keys:  
1) F   2) T  3) F  4) F  5) F
Reasons:
1) His attitude towards emigrating to foreign countries is negative.
2) T
3) I am going to marry to a person who is warm-hearted.
4) She had an operation on her stomach.
5) There is no increase in robbery these days.

**II. Fill in the blanks with the right prepositions .用正确的介词填空。
We’d better have enough confidence________ (in ) ourselves.
His parent’s quarrel has no effect _____ (on ) him.
Does the bad weather have enough influence _____ (on ) you?
When we arrived at the hospital to see him, he had already been absent ______ (from) the sickroom.
She has an advantage ______ (over) me,because she is good at speaking publicly.
Keys:
1) in      2) on      3) on    4) from     5) over
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
你这么长时间的沉默是为什么呢？(reason)
在记者招待会上，他对许多记者的问题未作回答。(reply)
我希望儿女对父母的依赖会越来越少。(independence)
他长大后梦想成为一名宇航员。(dream)
大部分学生想知道他们今后会不会不做作业。(freedom)
Keys:
What’s the reason for your long silence?
At the news conference, he make no reply to many reporters’ questions.
I hope that the independence of children on their parents will be less and less.
He has a dream of being an astronaut when he grows up.
Most of the students want to know whether they will enjoy the freedom from homework..

五：其他
1．Seat的用法 （作动词时）
例如：1.女士们，先生们，请坐。
错误：Ladies and gentlemen, Seat please.
正确：Ladies and gentlemen, be seated please.
    正确：Ladies and gentlemen, seat yourselves please.
    正确：  Ladies and gentlemen, sit down please.
i.        错误: Mary seated by your side, didn’t she?
         正确: Mary was seated by your side, wasn’t she?
         正确: Mary seated herself by your side, didn’t she?
         正确: Mary sat by your side, didn’t she?
                  你能总结出“seat”的用法吗？
答案：seat 是及物动词，意思是“使……坐下”，其后必须加宾语（seat oneself / sb.）或使用被动语态(be seated)。
○自○我○检○测
Exercise:
*I. True or False. (T/F)
1)        Linda has seated here for half an hour.
2)        When my mother came home, I was seating myself on the table.
3)        While I was seating on the chair alone, Jack came in and asked me to play soccer with him.
4)        Someone impolite is not allowed to seat beside me.
5)        Do you want seat yourself on the seat only for the old.
Keys:  F  T   F   F    T
Reasons:
1)        Linda has been seated here for half an hour / Linda has seated herself here for half an hour.
2)        T
3)        While I was seating myself on the chair alone, Jack came in and asked me to play soccer with him /
While I was seated on the chair alone, Jack came in and asked me to play soccer with him.
4)        Someone impolite is not allowed to seat himself beside me/ Someone impolite is not allowed to be
Seated beside me.
  5) T


**II. Change the following sentences into another two ways. 用另外两种方法改变下列句子。
1）        Whenever you come here to visit her, she always sits on her wheelchair.
2）        The teacher asked him to sit by the writing table.
3）        Would you please sit down?
4）        She sat beside me when we study together.
5）        I found an old lady sitting in the park.
Keys:
1)        Whenever you come here to visit her, she always was seated on her wheelchair.
  Whenever you come here to visit her, she always seated herself on her wheelchair.
2)        The teacher asked him to be seated by the writing table.
  The teacher asked him to seat himself by the writing table.
3)        Would you please be seated?
  Would you please seat yourself?
4)        She was seated beside me when we study together.
she seated herself beside me when we study together.
5)        I found an old lady was seated in the park.
I found an old lady seating herself in the park.
***III. Translate the following sentences in three ways. 用三种方法翻译下列句子。
2)        我们坐在窗户旁边，好吗？
3)        我较喜欢坐在沙发上边看电视边吃零食。
4)        你可以坐在你同学的旁边。
5)        我们最好不要坐在门口附近，那儿太冷了。
Keys:
1)        Let’s sit by the window, shall we?
Let’s be seated by the window, shall we?
Let’s seat ourselves by the window, shall we?
2)        I prefer to sit on the sofa to watch TV while eating snacks.
I prefer to be seated on the sofa to watch TV while eating snacks.
I prefer to seat myself on the sofa to watch TV while eating snacks.
      3) You may sit beside your classmate.
         You may be seated beside your classmate.
         You may seat yourself beside your classmate.
4) We’d better not sit by the door. It’s too cold.
We’d better not be seated by the door. It’s too cold.
We’d better not seat ourselves by the door. It’s too cold.
2.        rob (抢，抢劫) 和 steal （偷, 窃取, 偷窃, 偷盗）的用法.
它们的过去式,过去分词和现在分词分别为:
rob---robbed---robbed---robbing
steal ---stole----stolen---stealing
例如：
1）        他一抢到我的钱包就马上跑掉了。
错误：He ran away immediately as soon as he robbed me my wallet.
正确：He ran away immediately as soon as he robbed me of my wallet.
正确：He ran away immediately as soon as I was robbed of my wallet.
该句若表示“他一偷到我的钱包就马上跑掉了。”则可以翻译为：
正确：He ran away immediately as soon as he stole my wallet from me.
正确：He ran away immediately as soon as my wallet was stolen from me.
2) 一群强盗前天从银行里抢了大量的钱。
错误：A group of robbers robbed the bank a large amount of money the day before yesterday.
正确：A group of robbers robbed the bank of a large amount of money the day before yesterday.
正确：The bank was robbed of a large amount of money by a group of robbers the day before yesterday.
若该句表示为“一群盗贼前天从银行里抢了大量的钱。”则可以翻译为：
正确：A group of robbers stole a large amount of money from the bank the day before yesterday.
正确：A large amount of money was stolen form the bank by a group of robbers the day before yesterday.
3)        他已经把博物馆所有剩下的文物全都抢走了。
错误：He has robbed the museum all the rest of cultural relics.
正确：He has robbed the museum of all the rest of cultural relics.
正确：The museum has been robbed of all the rest of cultural relics.
4)        若该句表示为“他已经把博物馆所有剩下的文物全都偷走了。”则可以翻译为：
正确：He has stolen all the rest of cultural relics from the museum.
正确：All the rest of cultural relics have been stolen by him from the museum.
              你能总结出“rob” “ steal”的用法吗？
答案：rob 和steal 表达的虽然是相同的含义，但是它们后面的介词搭配不同，即：rob A of B / steal A from B （从A 中夺/ 抢走B）
      其被动语态表示为：B +be( 包括”be”的各种不同的时态)+robbed / stolen+ by A (B 被从A中抢走)
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*1. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false.判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1)         The man with a gun failed to rob money from the company.
2)         People in Afghanistan were once robbed of their fortunes by lots of terrorists.
3)         In the streets there are many youngsters who always steal passengers of belongings.
4)         I was robbed of my necklace when I was walking along the street.
5)        They robed the bank of thousands of dollars.
Keys: F T F T F
Reasons:
1)        The man with a gun failed to rob the company of money.
2)        T
3)        In the streets there are many youngsters who always steal belongings from passengers.
4)        T
5)        They robbed the bank of thousands of dollars.
** II. Change the following sentences into another way by using the word in the blank. 用括号中所给的单词改写下列句子。
1)        While the Blacks was away, someone stole all their money from the safe. ( rob)
2)        The little child has robbed of his father’s watch. (steal)
3)        His naughty nephew used to rob other children’s toys. (steal)
4)        I hope no one will steal fortune from others any more. (rob)
5)        I ever saw a man stealing a purse from a girl of fashion. (rob)
Keys:
1)        While the Blacks was away, someone robbed the safe of all the money.
2)        The little child has stolen the watch from his father.
3)        His naughty nephew used to steal toys from other children.
4)        I hope no one will rob others of fortune any more.
5)        I ever saw a man robbing a girl of fashion of a purse.
*** III. Using the words given, translate the following sentences. 使用所给的单词翻译下列句子。
1)        他因抢了银行十万美元而被投进监狱。(rob)
2)        令我大为吃惊的是，他在这么多人面前偷了一名乘客的一件行李。(steal)
3)        我姐姐曾经看见过有人公开抢路人的钱。(rob)
4)        我们应该尽力阻止小偷偷别人的东西。(steal)
Keys:
1)        He was sent into prison because he robbed the bank of 100,000 dollars.
2)        To my great surprise, he stole a piece of baggage from a passenger in front of so many people.
3)         My sister ever saw someone robbing passers-by publicly of their money.
4)        We should try our best to stop thieves from stealing belongings from others.         
3.        See 看见
1．我看见蝴蝶在空中飞。
错误：I saw butterflies to fly in the sky.
正确：I saw butterflies flying in the sky.
2) 迈克看见她正在穿马路。
错误：Mike saw she walking across the road.
正确：Mike saw her walking across the road.
我看见她开了汽车出去。
错误：I saw her drove her car out.
正确：I saw her drive her car out.
你能总结“see” 的用法吗？
答案：see 在句型“看见某人做某事”时，有两种句型搭配。
see sb. doing sth.  看见某人做了……
See sb. do sth.   看见某人正在做……
相同的结构还可以用于以下单词：
“一感”：feel
“二听”：hear, listen to
“三让”：let, have, make
“四看”：see, look at, watch, observe
注意: “三让”中 “ let, have , make “ 通常用第二种句型, 即: let / have / make sb. do sth (让某人做某事)
Exercise:
*1. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) We have seen she rushing out of the classroom and into another one.
2) Did you ever see your father walks away from home just now?
3) Peter saw a man pick up a wallet when he was walking along the street.
4) I saw the baby smiling towards me when I passed by.  
5) Can you hear he sing in the room?
Keys: F F T T F
Reasons:
1)        We have seen her rushing out of the classroom and into another one.
2) Did you ever see your father walking / walk away from home just now?
   3) T
   4) T
   5) Can you hear him singing in the room?
** II. Change the following sentences into another way by using the phrase in the blank. 用括号中所给的词组改写下列句子。
1)        I heard her shouting loudly in her room.  ( hear sb. do sth.)
2)        He can prove your guilt because he saw you stealing the purse from the man beside you. ( look at sb. do sth)
3)        Don’t let him do it alone for he is too young. ( make sb. do sth.)
4)        She observed him running away but had no idea about it. ( watch sb. doing sth.)
5)        The motorcyclist saw a cat-like animal standing in the middle of the road. ( observe sb. doing sth.)
Keys:
1)        I heard her shout loudly in her room.
2)        He can prove your guilt because he looked at you stealing the purse from the man beside you.
3)        Don’t make him do it alone for he is too young.
4)        She watched him running away but had no idea about it.
5)        The motorcyclist observed a cat-like animal standing in the middle of the road.
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
1)        我们看见远处有人朝我们挥手.
2)        你能听见狂风的怒吼吗?
3)        闭上眼睛,你能感觉到河水在指间流过.
4)        我看见他的嘴动了动, 但什麽也没说.
5)        每天早晨,我们都会看着国旗冉冉升起.
Keys:
1)        We saw someone in the distance waving his hand to us.
2)        Can you hear the strong wind roaring?
3)        Close your eyes and you can feel the water in the river running / flowing through your fingers.
4)        I saw his mouth moving but without saying anything.
5)        Every morning we can see our national flag rising.
4）完成时态中谓语动词的特殊用法：
例如:（1）他爷爷病了三天了。
错误:His grandpa has fallen ill for 3 days.
正确:His grandpa has been ill for 3 days.
(2)他已经睡了三个小时了。
错误：He has fallen asleep for three hours.
正确：He has been asleep for three hours.
(3) 小女孩离开家 大约已经一年了。
错误：The little girl has left home for about one year.
正确：The little girl has been away from home for about one year.
(4) 他远房的姑姑已经去世二个月了。
错误：His distant aunt has died for two months.
正确：His distant aunt has been dead for two months.
(5) 我两年前就已经入党了。
错误：I have joined the Communist Party since two years ago.
正确：I have been a member of the Communist Party since two years ago.
你能总结出在完成时态中这类谓语动词的用法吗？
答案：在完成时态谓语动词的使用中，如果时间状语是表示一段时间，则谓语动一定要使用延续性的动词，而不能使用瞬间动词。
5) forget 和 leave
例如：（1）我离开家的时候把包忘在家里了。
错误：I forgot my bag at home when I left home.
正确：I left my bag at home when I left home.
6) missing 和lost
　　又如:在她沿着河岸走的时候她的钥匙丢了。
　　错误:Her key was missed when she was walking long the river bank.
正确:Her key is missing when she was walking long the river ban.
正确：Her key is lost when she was walking long the river ban..

　7）. 以下的介词可以省略吗？:
1)        我需要一个买一个新公寓住.
错误: I need to buy a new flat to live.
正确: I need to buy a new flat to live in.
2)        你能借我一支钢笔写字吗?
错误: Can you borrow me a pen to write?
正确: Can you borrow me a pen to write with?
3)        请递给我一个椅子坐.
错误lease pass me a chair to sit.
正确: Please pass me a chair to sit on.
4)        我没有墨水写字了.
错误: I have no ink to write .
正确: I have no ink to write in.
你能总结出这些介词的用法吗?
答案: 只要注意把”to”后的动词和其前的名词联系起来就可以了, 如果语意和语法都正确,则是正确的,否则,则是错误的.
如第一个例句中第一句话通过联系,则变成: live a new flat , 是错误的; 但我们可以说: live in a new flat.
相同第二个例句中,我们不能说: write a pen , 而只能说: write with a pen.
你明白了吗?
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*I. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) Dad, would you please buy me some water to drink?
2) I have something important to think.
3) She can’t go out because she has a little brother to take care.
4) My friend bought me a nice pen to write as a present.
5) We humans need fresh air to breathe.
Keys: T  F  F  F  T
Reasons:
2)        T
3)        I have something important to think about.
4)        She can’t go out because she has a little brother to take care of.
5)        My friend bought me a nice pen to write with as a present.
6)        T
**II. Fill in the blanks with the right words.
1)        Peter would like to borrow some ink to write _______.
2)        He is a man we all like to talk _______.
3)        This little baby needs to be taken care _______.
4)        Lots of young men have to work hard to buy their own houses to live ______.
5)        Maths is a subject that I am not good _______.
Keys:
1) in    2) with / to    3) of    4) in    5) at
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
2)        我五岁的侄子总是需要照顾。
3)        Gromit 向我借了只钢笔用。
4)        这儿有个沙发你可以坐。
5)        他是一个值得我们学习的人。
Keys:
2)        My five-year-old nephew always needs to be taken care of ./ My five-year-old nephew always needs to be looked after.
3)        Gromit lent me a pen to write with.
4)        Here is a sofa for you to sit on.
5)        He is a person who is worth being learned from..

老师辛苦了，谢谢！鲜花.

8）.There be 结构的用法
  1）在十字路口有一名警察和两名交通督导员维持交通秩序。
错误： There are a policeman and two traffic wardens to keep traffic order at the crossing.
正确：There is a policeman and two traffic wardens to keep traffic order at the crossing.
2) 人生总有不如意时.
错误：There have a crook in the lot of every one.
正确：There is a crook in the lot of every one.
9)        上海大剧院将会在本周六上映电影《撞车》。
错误: There will have a film called “Crash” on at Shanghai Grand Theatre.
正确: There will be a film called “ Crash” on at Shanghai Grand Theatre.
正确: There is going to be a film called “ Crash” on at Shanghai Grand Theatre.
10)        我们学校前面曾经有一个建筑工地。
错误：There used to have a construction site in front of our school.
正确：There used to be a construction site in front of our school.
11)        我的家乡已经有很大的变化了.
错误: There have changed a lot in my hometown.
正确: There have been a lot of changes in my hometown.

你能总结出“there be ”结构的用法吗？
Keys:
用法一：“there be…” 的使用要遵循“就近原则”，即离谓语动词最近的单词的单复数形式决定该句谓语动词的单复数形式。
用法二：“there be…”要与“have”的用法区别开来，二者不能同时使用。同时应该注意“there be…”句型的将来时态的用法。
用法三：“there used to be…”表示的意思是“过去曾经有……”
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*1. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1）There have a lot of noise here and there in the street.
2) There will be a film on at the cinema called “ Crash” this Sunday.
3) There were a little boy and his parents playing in the Children's Elysium for fun.
4) There is going to have a large numbers of interviewees applying for the job.
5) There used to be clean water and fresh air around my village.
Keys: F  T  F  F  T
Reasons:
1)        There is a lot of noise here and there in the street.
2)        T
3)        There was a little boy and his parents playing in the Children’s Elysium for fun.
4)        There is going to be a large numbers of interviewees applying for the job.
5)        T
** II. Change the following sentences into another way by using the phrase in the blank. 用括号中所给的词组改写下列句子。
6）        There are numerous of roses selling at the market on Valentine’s day.  (there will be…)
7）        There used to be a double-decker bus which has open staircase outside. ( there was…)
8）        There is going to be an opening ceremony at eight o’clock next Sunday. ( there will be…)
9）        There will be a film and five other operas on at the theatre. ( there is going to be…)
10）        There are going to be great changes on me if I come back in three years’ time. ( there have been… since…before)
Keys:
1)        There will be numerous of roses selling at the market on Valentine’s day.
2)        There was a double-decker bus which has open staircase outside.
3)        There will be an opening ceremony at eight o’clock next Sunday.
4)        There is going to be a film and five other operas on at the theatre.
5)        There have been great changes on me since I came back three years before.  
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
1)        今晚这儿将会有一场周杰伦的演唱会.
2)        过去我的电脑有一些毛病.
3)        办公室里只有一个老师和几个学生.
4)        有什麽事情我可以帮忙吗?
5)        冰箱里已经有太多的蔬菜了, 因此你没有必要再买了.

Keys:
1). There will be a Jay Zhou’s concert by here tonight. / There is going to be a Jay Zhou’s concert here tonight.
2). There used to be something wrong with my computer.
3). There is only a teacher and some / several students in the office.
4). Is there anything I can do to help you?
5). There have been too many vegetables in the fridge, so you don’t need to buy some any longer.
  There have been too many vegetables in the fridge, so you needn’t buy some any longer..

第五章：名词的单复数形式系列
一：貌似单数，实则复数的集体名词：
1） personnel职员，人员
例如：这家公司职员对这项政策不满意。
错误：The personnel in this company is unhppy about this policy.
正确：The personnel in this company are unhppy about this policy.
说明：personnel 表示“全体人员，职员”，其形式上看是单数，但是谓语动词要用复数。
2）police 警察
   例如：警察打算为逮捕走私犯制定一个方案。
错误：The police is going to make a plan for arresting bootleggers.
正确：The police are going to make a plan for arresting bootleggers.
说明：police 表示一个集体概念，通常用“The police”，且谓语动词用复数形式；如果要表示“一个警察”则为“a policeman”或者“ a policewoman” ；“几个警察”为“ several policemen / policewomen”.
3）militia民兵
例如：民兵被号召起来保卫祖国。
错误：The militia is called out to guard our motherland.
正确：The militia are called out to guard our motherland.
说明：militia 表示的是一个复数概念，若要表示“一个民兵”则可以表示为“a militiaman ”；“一些民兵”可以表示为“some militiamen”。
4）        clergy圣职者, 牧师, 僧侣, 神职人员
例如：两年以后他想成为一名牧师。
错误：He would like to be a clergy in two years’ time.
正确：He would like to be a clergyman in two years’ time.
说明：clergy，表示的是一个复数概念，若要表示“一个牧师”则可以表示为“a clergyman ” “一些牧师”可以表示为“some clergymen”。
5）        youth少年, 青年们
例如：我们国家的年轻人有着崇高的精神。
错误：The youth of our country all has spiritual mind.
正确：The youth of our country all have spiritual mind.
说明：youth 相当于“young people”,是一个复数概念，其谓语动词用复数形式,如果表示“一个年轻人”则可以表示为“a young man / a young woman”; 如果要表示“一些年轻人”可以表示为“some young men / some young women”。
6）cattle   牛, 家养牲畜
例如：牛正在草地上吃草。
错误：Cattle is pasturing grass on the meadow.
正确：Cattle are pasturing grass on the meadow.
说明：cattle 表示的是集体概念，其谓语动词要用复数形式。另外，“一头牛”可以表达为“a head of cattle”； 如果要表示“两头牛”可以表示为“two heads of cattle”.
6)        poultry家禽
例如：有些家禽吃起来很美味。
错误：Some poultry is very tasty.
正确：Some poultry are very tasty.
7)        单复数形式都可以使用的单词
例如：a) 观众被告知今天的节目要推迟20分钟。
错误：The audience were told that the programme would be put off 20 minutes.
正确：The audience was told that the programme would be put off 20 minutes.
b)观众刚要一个个的离开电影院，外面下起了雨。
错误： The audience was going to leave the cinema one by one when it rained outside.
正确：The audience were going to leave the cinema one by one when it rained outside.
说明：audience 表示“听众, 观众”，和“family”用法相同，既可以用作单数，又可以用作复数，当作为一个整体看待时，用作单数；当作为各个成员看待时，用作复数。
  相同的用法有以下几种单词：
（1）        会议专项
a) board  理事会；董事会    b) jury  陪审团, 评判委员会, 陪审员   c)  congress (美国等国的)国会, 议会   d) commission  委员会；调查团
e) committee  委员会       f) parliament国会, 议会
(2) 组织专项
a) army军队, 大军    b) government政府, <英>内阁   c) group团体, 组, 团   d) class  班级
e) club  俱乐部, 夜总会   f) organization  组织, 机构, 团体  g) team  队, 组   h) family家庭, 家族, 家属,
(3) 全体人员专项
a) Crew全体人员, (工作)队     b) staff供给人员, 充当职员     c) faculty  全体教员
(4) 由单数名词转化专项
a) jewelry  珠宝, 珠宝类        b) poetry诗       c) machinery机器, 机械    d) scenery风景, 景色
说明：以上四个单词属于集体名词，分别是由其相应的单数名词转化而来的，它们是：jewel, poem, machine ,scene. 所以如果句子中需要用名词的可数形式就使用它们的单数形式。
例如：a) 著名的诗人屈原曾写了许多诗词。
错误：The famous poet Quyuan wrote many poetry.
正确：The famous poet Quyuan wrote many poems.
b) 她喜欢在脖子上戴着一个漂亮的宝石（项链）。
错误：She likes wearing a beautiful jewelry round her neck.
正确：She likes wearing a beautiful jewel round her neck.
(5)        不可数的集体名词专项
a) furniture  家具, 设备    b) baggage  行李    c) luggage行李    d) equipment装备, 设备, 器材, 装置    d) clothing衣服
     说明：如果需要表示“一件……”时可以表示为“a piece of / an article of …”如果要表示“几件……”则可以表示为“some pieces of / some articles of…”
例如：a piece of furniture    some pieces of furniture        一套/几套家具
      A piece of baggage    some pieces of baggage       一件/几件行李
     A piece of luggage     some pieces of luggage         一件/几件行李
     A piece of equipment   some pieces of equipment      一件/几件设备
     An article of clothing    some articles of clothing        一件/几件衣服
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*1. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false.判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) The militia was collected in an open field to stard training on a cold morning.
2) If you come across something troubled on the road, the police is ready to help you.
3) There are many cattles in the back yard.
4) The committee comprises seven persons.
5) I need another two furnitures in my room.
Keys:  1) F   2)  F  3) F  4) T  5) F
Reasons:
1）The militia were collected in an open field to stard training on a cold morning.
2) If you come across something troubled on the road, a policeman is ready to help you.
3) There are many cattle in the back yard.
4) T
5) I need another two pieces of furniture in my room.
** II. Fill in the blanks with the right words .用正确的词填空。
1)        Jack’s new pair of trousers ______ ( is ,are ) black and white.
2)        The sunrise over the mountain is a beautiful _______. ( scene, scenery)
3)        It’s a useful _______ ( equipment, piece of equipment) so that  I am going to have it repaired.
4)        She wants to be a ________ ( police , policewoman ) when she grows up.
5)        The crew on the ship ______ ( were, was) very frightened when the storm came.
Keys:
1) is    2) scene    3) piece of equipment   4) policewoman   5) were
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
1)        我的两件行李忘在地铁站里了。
2)        玛丽从小就喜欢诗歌。
3)        我们家人都很高兴能够再次见到你。
4)        看，草地上有两头牛在吃草。
5)        两名警察每天在十字路口维持秩序。
Suggested keys:
1)        Two pieces of my luggage were left at he underground station.
2)        Mary liked poetry when she was a child.
3)        Our family are glad to see you again.
4)        Two policemen keep the traffic order at the crossing every day.

二：貌似单数，实则单复数同行的名词
例如：你在上海动物园里见到过梅花鹿吗？
错误：Have you ever seen spotted deers in Shanghai Zoo?
正确：Have you ever seen spotted deer in Shanghai Zoo?
说明：deer  (鹿）属于单复数同行的单词，即其单数形式和复数形式都是同一个单词。
具有相同用法的单词有以下单词：
a) sheep羊, 绵羊       b) buffalo (印度,非洲等的)水牛         c) fish  鱼            d) carp鲤鱼         e) salmon鲑鱼, 大麻哈鱼
f) shark鲨鱼          g) Chinese中国人                    h) Japanese日本人    i) Thai泰国人
j) aircraft  航行器( 飞机，飞船等)                            k) hovercraft   气垫船
  三：以-s结尾的名词用法总结
1．既作单数又作复数的以-s结尾的名词
1）单复数形式相同而且意义相同的名词:
例如：a) 如果用这些方法，你肯定可以找到回家的路。
错误：Surely you can find you way back home if you use these meanses.
正确：Surely you can find you way back home if you use these means.
b) 在我们城市双层巴士是一种很重要的交通方式。
错误：A double-decker bus is an important mean of transportation in our city.
正确：A double-decker bus is an important means of transportation in our city.
说明：means 表示“方式，方法”，其单数和复数形式是相同的，所以可以说“ a means of …”，也可以说“many means of …”
与此用法相同的还有以下名词：
Précis(摘要，梗概)   series(连续, 系列, 丛书)  species(种类 )    headquarters  (司令部, 指挥部, 总部)  works(作品)
例如：a) 去年世界遭受了一系列的自然灾害的袭击。
错误：Last year the world suffered a serie of natural disasters.
正确：Last year the world suffered a series of natural disasters.
b) 有一些动物因为不能适应环境的变化已经灭绝了。
错误：Some specieses of animals have become extinct because they could not adapt to a changing environment.
正确：Some species of animals have become extinct because they could not adapt to a changing environment.
2)        形式相同，但是其单复数的意义不同的名词
例如：a) 他的政治观点显然要比你的更为自由。
错误：Your politics is clearly more liberal than mine.
正确：Your politics are clearly more liberal than mine.
b) 政治是一门有趣的课程。
错误：Politics are an interesting course.
正确：Politics is an interesting course.
说明：politics 作复数时表示的意思是“政治纲领，政治主张”； 作单数是表示的意思是“政治”，是一门学科。
除了“politics”外，名词的形式虽然相同，但是其单复数表达的含义各不相同的名词还有以下：
Statistics---- 作单数时表示统计学；作复数时表示统计，统计表，统计数字。
Economics-----作单数是表示经济学；作复数时表示经济情况：经济事件，尤指有关财政问题的。
Mechanics-----作单数时表示机械学，力学；作复数时表示结构; 构成法; 技巧，技术性细节; 例行方法[手续]等。
Acoustics----作单数时表示声学；作复数时表示音响效果。
例如：a) 记住这些统计数字描述了在海啸中死亡的人数。
错误：Remember that these statistics describes the number of people who died in the Tsunami.
正确：Remember that these statistics describe the number of people who died in the Tsunami.
b) 声学是一门有关声音的科学。
错误：Acoustics are the science of sound.
正确：Acoustics is the science of sound.
3)        以-s结尾作复数用的名词
（1）由于由两部分组成而用复数的名词
例如：这幅新眼镜很适合我。
错误：The new pair of glasses fit me well.
正确：The new pair of glasses fits me well.
说明：glasses 作为“眼镜”的含义时总是以复数形式出现，但是如果要表示数量的时候，要用“pair”修饰，而且如果主语是表示数量的时候，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于“pair”的单复数形式。例如：
One pair of glasses in not enough for me. 对我来说一副眼镜是不够的。
Two pairs of glasses are quite enough for me. 对我来说两副眼镜是很够用的了。
相同用法的单词还有：
spectacles (眼镜) , scales (天平) ,compasses (圆规), pincers (钳子) ,scissors (剪刀) ,pants (裤子, 短裤) , trousers (裤子, 长裤) , suspenders (吊裤带) shoes (鞋子) , slippers(拖鞋), shorts(短裤), jeans (牛仔裤) , tights (贴身衬衣, 紧身衣) , breeches (马裤), socks (短袜), stockings (长袜), gloves(手套)…
以上这些单词同样需要用“pair”表示数量，而且如果主语是表示数量的时候，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于“pair”的单复数形式。例如：
My breeches are worn out. 我的马裤穿破了。
A pair of stockings at Christmas is important for children who wants to get presents. 对想得到礼物的孩子来说，一副长统袜在圣诞节节是很重要的。
（2）部分以-ings 结尾的名词
例如：他所有的储蓄都拿来买飞机模型了。
错误：All his savings has been used to buy model planes.
正确：All his savings have been used to buy model planes.
说明：savings 作为“储蓄”，常作复数形式使用，因此其谓语动词要用复数。
有相同用法的单词有：
Belongings (财产, 所有物)  earnings (所得,收入) , surroundings (环境)   findings (结果，结论：检查或调查后得出的结果)  winnings (奖品,奖金)
Clippings (剪下的东西) , diggings (发掘物)…
例如：a) 根据他爸爸的遗嘱，这里并不是所有的财产都是他的。
错误：Not all the belongings here is his according to his father’s will.
正确：Not all the belongings here are his according to his father’s will.
b) 调查结果显示他当时不在事发现场。
错误：The findings shows that he was absent from the scene of the accident.
正确：The findings show that he was absent from the scene of the accident.
4)        其他要使用复数的名词
例如：a) 2008年奥运会将会在我国北京举行。
错误：The Olympic Games in 2008 is going to be held in Beijing, China.
正确: The Olympic Games in 2008 are going to be held in Beijing, China.
说明：“The Olympic Games”作主语，谓语动词要用复数。
b) 她衣橱里的衣服都很时尚，对吗？
错误：All the clothes in her wordrobe is fashionable, isn’t they?
正确：All the clothes in her wordrobe are fashionable, aren’t they?
说明：clothes（衣服） 作主语，表示复数概念，谓语动词用复数。
c) 因为焰火太危险，所以如今不准放了。
错误：Fireworks is not allowed to set off because it is very dangerous.
正确：Fireworks are not allowed to set off because they are very dangerous.
说明：Fireworks （焰火） 作主语，表示复数概念，谓语动词用复数。
d) 当工厂职工工作时，工装裤就起到了重要的作用。
错误：When employees work in factories, overalls plays an important part.
正确：When employees work in factories, overalls play an important part.
说明：overalls （宽松的裤子，工装裤）作主语，表示复数概念，谓语动词用复数。
6）        以-s结尾但是其谓语动词要使用单数的名词
例如：a) 我听说美国有着广阔的农场。
错误：I heard that the United States have a vast area of farm.
正确：I heard that the United States has a vast area of farm.
说明：the United States （美国）是一个国家名称，所以谓语动词用单数。
b) 联合国建于1945年10月24日。
错误：The United Nations were founded on October. 24th , 1945.
正确：The United Nations was founded on October. 24th , 1945.
说明：the United Nations （联合国）是一个组织名称，所以谓语动词用单数。
7）        个别单复数意义不同的名词
a)  content 内容        contents 目录
b) good   好的         goods 商品，货物
c) paper   纸张        papers论文, 考卷，文件
d) arm   臂, 臂状物      arms  武器
e) custom  习惯, 风俗    customs海关，关税
f) ruin  使)破产, (使)堕落, 毁灭  ruins废墟, 遗迹
g) pain  痛苦, 疼, 痛,       pains  劳苦, 努力
h) look   看, 注视         looks  面容, 外表
i) authority  权威, 威信,  权力, 职权   authorities 当局
j) regard   尊敬, 尊重      regards  致意, 问候
k) nerve  紧张             nerves  神经质；神经过敏

○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*I. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) She needs to write a précises of a newspaper article.
2) My Grandma enjoys watching television series.
3) Statistics are difficult couses for us to understand.
4) The Asian Games was held very successfully.
5) Their headquarters is in America.
Keys: 1) F   2)  T  3) F   4) F   5) F
Reasons:
1) She needs to write a précis of a newspaper article.
2) T
3) Statistics is a difficult couse for us to understand.
4) The Asian Games were held very successfully.
5) Their headquarters are in America.
**II. Fill in the blanks with the right words.用正确的词填空。
1）        How many _______ ( aircrafts, aircraft) can you see at the moment?
2）        Statistics ______ (show , shows ) that five-eighth of all marriages end on divorce.
3）        Their politics________ ( are, is ) good for all citizens.
4）        All ______ ( mean, means ) have been tried out to save his life.
5）        Send him my best _______ (regard , regards) once you see him one day.
Keys:
1) aircraft     2)  show     3) are    4)  means    5)  regards
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
1)        你看过这本导游册的目录吗？
2)        他所有的收入都用来买房了。
3)        昨天在我去学校的路上，我的粉红色手套丢了。
4)        家乐福里德商品质量都是很好的吗？
5)        这个蓝色的吊裤带看起来很漂亮。
Suggested keys:
1)        Have you read the contents of the tourist guide?
2)        All his earnings are spent buying a house.
3)        On my way to school yesterday, my pink gloves were lost.
4)        Do the goods in Carrifour have good quality?
5)        The blue suspenders look nice.
四：不可数名词总结
1.        fun  乐趣
例如：春天去外面放风筝真有趣啊！
错误：How fun it is to go out for flying kites in spring.
正确：What fun it is to go out for flying kites in spring.
2．Advice  建议
例如：我的一个好朋友曾经给我提了一个很好的建议。
错误：One of my best friends used to give me a good advice.
正确：One of my best friends used to give me a good piece of advice.
注意哦：suggestion 也可以表示“建议”，但是它是可数名词。要注意区分哦！
3．        progress  进步
例如：我在英语学习中取得了很大快的进步。
错误：I have made a great progress in English study.
正确：I have made  great progress in English study.
4. health  健康
例如：虽然我爷爷已经80岁了，但是他仍然很健康。
错误：Although my Grandpa is 80 years old, he is still in a good health.
正确：Although my Grandpa is 80 years old, he is still in good health.
5. information / news   消息，信息
例如：如今，我们可以从电脑上查到很多信息。
错误：Nowadays, we can get many information on the computer.
正确：Nowadays, we can get much information on the computer.
6. smoke 烟
例如：烟囱里出来一股烟。
错误：There is a smoke coming out of the chimney.
正确：There is smoke coming out of the chimney.
7. weather  天气
例如：多好的天气啊！
错误：What a fine weather!
正确：What fine weather!
8. transport/ transportation  交通
例如：我们城市交通状况很好。
错误：Our city has a very good transport/ transportation .
正确：Our city has  very good transport/ transportation .
9. behavior  行为，举止
例如：每一个人都赞扬孩子们良好的行为。
错误：Everyone praises the children's good behaviors.
正确：Everyone praises the children's good behavior.
10. damage  损害, 伤害
例如：两车相撞并且造成了巨大的损失。
错误：Two cars crashed into each other and caused a great damage.
正确：Two cars crashed into each other and caused  great damage.
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*1. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false.判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) My father surfs the Internet every day because he wants to get some informations on current affairs.
2) Would you please give me some advices?
3) It is a great fun to do outdoor activities.
4) I had so many progresses that my mother bought me a new toy.
5) I hope that you will be in a good healthy from now on.
Keys:  1) F   2) F  3) F  4) F  5) F
Reasons:
1) My father surfs the Internet every day because he wants to get some information on current affairs.
2) Would you please give me some advice?
3) It is great fun to do outdoor activities.
4) I had so much progress that my mother bought me a new toy.
5) I hope that you will be in good healthy from now on.
** II. Correct the mistakes in each sentence . 改错。
1）        He prefers to give some advices to others.
2）        The car crashed into a tree and suggered a severe damage.
3）        Have you read a piece of newspaper?
4）        China has made a rapid progress in science and tecknology.
5）        People are used to walking in the park in a good weather.
Keys:
2)        He prefers to give some advice to others.
3)         The car crashed into a tree and suggered severe damage.
4)        Have you read a newspaper?
5)        China has made rapid progress in science and tecknology.
6)        People are used to walking in the park in good weather.
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
1) 对大多数人来说健康比金钱更重要。
2) 空运货物非常便捷。
3）天气好的时候，我们一起去野餐，好吗？
4）班主任老师采纳了我的好几条建议。
5）下雪的时候打雪仗是很有趣的事情。
Suggested keys:
1) Health is more important to most people than money.
2) The transport of goods by air is fast and convenient.
3) Let’s go out for a picnic when there is fine weather, shall we?
4) My class teacher has taken several pieces of my advice.
5) It is fun to throw snowballs when it is snowing..

请问老师您写的这本书名字叫什么？在哪里能买到？谢谢！.

书名在第一页有的。但是很多练习在出版的时候删掉了，但是从教学的角度来看，练习是必不可少的。所以现在把全版的放上来，与大家分享。.

第六章：易使用错误的形容词和副词系列
一：以-ic 和-icl结尾的形容词的区别
1．        Economic  和 economical
例如：a) 我们的经济条件在逐步改善。
错误：Our economical condition is improving step by step.
正确：Our economic condition is improving step by step.
b) 坐火车比坐飞机更节约。
错误：Going by train is more economic than going by plane.
正确：Going by train is more economical than going by plane.
你能总结“Economic  和 economical”的用法吗？
答案：economic 表示“经济上的，经济学的”； economical 表示“节约的，节省的 ”
2．        Electric  和electrical
例如：a) 夏天我们需要电风扇，它能使我们凉爽。
错误：In summer we need electrical fans which can keep us cool.
正确：In summer we need electric fans which can keep us cool.
      b) 我曾经是一名电机工程师。
错误：I used to be an electric engineer.
正确：I used to be an electrical engineer.
你能总结“Electric  和 Electrical”的用法吗？
答案：electric 表示“由电产生的，带电的 ”；electrical 表示“有关电或电学方面的”
3．        Classic 和classical
例如：a) 我喜欢听古典音乐。
错误：I like listening to classic music.
正确：I like listening to classical music.
b) 你愿意喝杯上等的法国香槟吗？
错误：Would you like to have a cup of classical French champagne?
正确：Would you like to have a cup of classic French champagne?
你能总结“classic  和 classical”的用法吗？
答案：classic 表示“上等的，一流的”；classical 表示“古典的，传统的，典雅的”
4. historic 和historical
例如：a)在会展中心陈列着许多古代的服装。
错误： At the Exhibition Centre, there are many historic costumes exhibited.
正确：At the Exhibition Centre, there are many historical costumes exhibited.
b) 我国大量的历史古迹需要保护。
错误：There are a large number of places of historical interest which need to be protected.
正确：There are a large number of places of historic interest which need to be protected.
你能总结“historic  和historical”的用法吗？
答案：historic 表示“有历史意义的，历史上有名的”； historical 则表示“与历史有关的，历史上存在或者发生过的”
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*I. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) Marie likes reading historic novels.
2) When we go to supermarkets to buy something we need, a large packet is more economic.
3) Help! There is an electrical shock on me.
4) Xishi in ancient times was a classical beauty.
5) Xi’an is a historical town in China.
Keys: 1) F  2) F  3) F  4) F  5)F
Reasons:
1) Marie likes reading historical novels.
2) When we go to supermarkets to buy something we need, a large packet is more economical.
3) Help! There is an electric shock on me.
4) Xishi in ancient times was a classic beauty.
5) Xi’an is a historic town in China.
**II.Choosing the proper words to fill in the blanks.选择正确的单词填空。
Jim has seen a _______ ( historical, historic) weapon.
This kind of new-produced car is ________(economical, economic) of fuel.
Don’t touch the _______ (electrical, electric) fence. It’s too dangerous.
Dad’s favourite music is _______ (classic, classical) music.
There will be on a new _______ ( historical, historic) play.
Keys:
1) historical    2) economical   3) electric    4) classical   5) historical
*** III. translate the following sentences.翻译下列句子。
史实对于我们研究历史有很大的作用。
政府刚刚实施一项新的经济政策。
有些农村的人太穷，买不起电灯。
她今天晚上穿了一身典雅的V字领晚礼服。
历史上曾有过一次很严重的经济危机。
Keys:
Historical evidence plays a very important role for us to study history.
Our government carried out a new economic policy.
People in some countryside are too poor that they cannot afford to buy electric lights.
Tonight she wore a classical evening dress with V-neck.
5) There used to be a very serous economic crisis in history.

二：可作副词的形容词及其+ly的词的区别
1)        Deep和 deeply
例如：a) 小刀切入他的背部很深。
错误：The knife cut deeply into his back.
正确：The knife cut deep into his back.
b) 她穿着一件深蓝色的外套。
错误：She wears a deep blue coat.
正确：She wears a deeply blue coat.
你能总结“deep  和 deeply”的用法吗？
答案：deep 用作副词时，用来修饰具体动作，表示空间，时间和程度上的“深”； deeply 多用来修饰形容词，分词和某些表示抽象意义的动词; 另外，说明事物的静止状态及当用作比喻的时候，只能用deep, 不用deeply.
2)        Close 和closely
例如：a) 我看电视时总是紧挨着妈妈坐着。
错误：I sit closely to my mother when I watch TV.
正确：I sit close to my mother when I watch TV.
b) 这两个事物是相互紧密地联系在一起的。
错误：The two things are close interconnected.
正确：The two things are closely interconnected.
你能总结“close  和 closely”的用法吗？
答案：close 用作副词时，多表示“近”；closely 多用于表示抽象意义，表示“细心地，严密地”在过去分词前多用closely.
2.        direct 和directly
例如：a) 下一航班不直飞罗马，而是绕道巴黎。
错误： The next flight doesn’t go directly to Rome. It goes by way of Paris
正确：The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome. It goes by way of Paris.
b) 午饭过后我们马上在学校门口会面。
错误：We’ll meet direct at the gate of our school after lunch.
正确：We’ll meet directly at the gate of our school after lunch.
你能总结“direct  和 directly”的用法吗？
答案：direct 作副词时作“直线地，不绕弯子地，，不绕圈地，”用于具体意义，“不间断”“不拐弯”；directly 作“直接地”即作“间接地”反义词时用directly， 它还可以用作“立刻，马上”“直率地”。
3．Easy 和easily
例如：a)慢慢来，别着急。
错误：Take it easily.
正确：Take it easy.
b) 麦克是一个不容易满足的人。
错误：Mike is not easy satisfied.
正确：Mike is not easily satisfied.
你能总结“easy  和 easily”的用法吗？
答案：easy 作副词时，只是在一些固定搭配中使用，如：Easy come, easy go. (来得容易，走的也快) Easier said than done. (说的容易做的难)
     Stand easy! （稍息）；除此以外，都用easily。
3)        Free 和freely
例如：a) 免费搭乘公共汽车是不好的行为。
错误: It is not good to travel freely on buses.
正确：It is not good to travel free on buses.
b) 每个人都可以由自由发表言论。
错误：Everyone has the right to speak free.
正确：Everyone has the right to speak freely.
你能总结“free  和 freely”的用法吗？
答案：free 作副词时表示“免费地”；freely表示“自由地”
4)        High 和highly
例如：a) 看，这只紫色的风筝在空中飞得很高。
错误：Look, the purple kite is flying highly up in the sky.
正确：Look, the purple kite is flying high up in the sky.
b) 老师高度评价了他的行为。
错误：Our teacher spoke high of his behavior.
正确：Our teacher spoke highly of his behavior.
你能总结“high  和 highly”的用法吗？
答案：high用作副词时，用于表示具体位置上的“高”，除此以外，还有一些固定搭配，如：aim high(力争上游), hold one’s head high（骄傲）, search high and low（到处寻找，搜寻）；highly 表示抽象意义上的“高”，“高度地”，也可以引申为“极”“非常”。
5. hard和 hardly
例如：a) 为了好好的养家他努力的工作。
错误：In order to be a good provider, he works hardly.
正确：In order to be a good provider, he works hard.
你能总结“hard  和 hardly”的用法吗？
答案：hard 表示“努力地, 辛苦地,”，其本身即可以用作形容词，又可以用作副词。但hardly 表示“几乎不”，与hard风马牛不相及。
○自○我○检○测
Exercise
*I. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) Still waters run deeply.
2) I am deep grateful to you for your kind help.
3) She is close related to him.
4) Salina, one of my best friends aims highly.
5) You can eat free at my home.
Keys: 1)  F     2)   F     3)     F      4)     F       5)   T
Reasons:
1) Still waters run deep.
2) I am deeply grateful to you for your kind help.
3) She is closely related to him.
4) Salina, one of my best friends aims high.
5) T.

**II. Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks.选择正确的单词填空。
Take it _______ (easy, easily).
Travelling around the world is _______ (high, highly) enjoyable for me.
He stood there ______ (deep , deeply) in thought)
When we go out into the street, stay ______(close, closely) to me.
5) The airliner doesn’t go ______(direct, directly) to America. It goes by way of Japan.
Keys:
1) easy     2) highly     3) deep     4) close     5) direct
*** III. translate the following sentences by choosing the proper words given.选择恰当的单词翻译下列句子。
1)当老师讲话的时候，他用心倾听。（close / closely）
2) 叫《天鹅湖》的电影非常有趣。（high/ highly）
3) 我很容易的就能做出这道数学题。（easy/ easily）
4) 在乔治面前你可以自由谈论。（free/ freely）
5) 在衣橱里，我几乎找不到任何干净的衣服。（hard/ hardly）
Keys:
1) When the teacher spoke, he listened to him closely
2)        The film called “Swan Lake” is highly interesting.
3)        I can easily work out this Maths problem.
4)        You can speak freely in front of George.
5)        I can hardly find any clean clothes in my wardrobe.
三：形容词或者副词的摆放位置
1．        Enough 的用法
例如：a) 你工作不是很仔细。
错误：You are not working enough carefully.
正确：You are not working carefully enough.
说明：enough 与形容词或者副词连用是要放在形容词或者副词的后面。
b) 我们有足够的水吗？
错误：Do we have enough of water?
正确：Do we have enough water?
正确：Do we have enough of the clean water?
说明：首先enough要放在名词前面，其次，enough of 后必须跟一个限定词，比如：物主代词或者指示代词，冠词等，如果没有这类限定词，则enough后不能用of
c) 天很晚了，我们该回家了。
错误：It is late enough that we should go back home now.
正确：It is late enough for us to go back home now.
说明：enough 后面跟的结构通常为：enough for sb./ sth. to do sth.
2.        Such和 so
例如：a) 我从来没有遇到过这么聪明的女孩。
错误：I have never met so intelligent girl.
正确：I have never met so intelligent a girl.
正确：I have never met such an intelligent girl.
b) 多亏了这个图书管理员，我有如此多的书可以选择。
错误：Thanks to the librarian, I have such many books to choose.
正确：Thanks to the librarian, I have so many books to choose.
说明：（1）such 后的中心词必须是名词，而so后的中心词必须是形容词或者副词。
(2)        如果such或so后跟的单词是many , much, few,little 时，必须用so.
（2）        So 不能跟普通的形容词连用后，在跟不可数名词，比如我们不能说：so strong wind, so wonderful information, so fine weather…

自○我○检○测
Exercise
*I. Tell whether the following sentences are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”的表示。
1) It is enough convenient for us to travel all around the world.
2) A great numbers of children in countryside do not have clothes enough to wear.
3) We have watched such many terrific films together.
4) She told us so wonderful information just now.
5) He was such in a hurry that he had an accident when he was crossing the road.
Keys: 1) F   2) F    3) F   4)  F  5)  F
Reasons:
1) It is convenient enough for us to travel all around the world.
2) A great numbers of children in countryside do not have enough clothes to wear.
3) We have watched so many terrific films together.
4) She told us such wonderful information just now.
5) He was in such a hurry that he had an accident when he was crossing the road.
**II. Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks.选择正确的单词填空。
5)        I like to be a popular singer, but I don’t think I have a _______ voice. ( good enough, enough good)
6)        There isn’t _______ the room for you. ( enough , enough of)
7)        Help yourselves to some apples. There are _______ for you, boys. ( apples enough, enough apples)
8)        It is ________ a film that you can’t miss it. ( so wonderful, such wonderful)
9)        You have been out for ________.( such a long time, such long a time)
Keys: 1) good enough    2) enough of      3) enough apples     4) so wonderful     5) such a long time
*** III. translate the following sentences .翻译下列句子。
1）        她是那么的善良以至于她忍不住去帮了那位迷路的老奶奶。(用两种不同的方法翻译)
2）        你怎么能去那里那么长的时间？(用两种不同的方法翻译)
3）        我们有足够多的工作，能让我们大家忙好一阵的。
4）        约翰逊演唱得算好的了，但演出却是个失败。
5）        我确信在我的房间里有足够的空间放置这些桌子。
Suggested keys:
1)        She is such a warm-hearted girl that she couldn’t help to helping the grandma who lost her way.
She is so warm-hearted a girl that she couldn’t help to helping the grandma who lost her way.
2)        How could you go there for such a long time?
How could you go there for so long a time?
3)        We have enough work to keep us all busy for a pretty while.
4)        Johnson sang well enough, but the show was a failure.
5)        I'm sure there is enough space for all these desks in my house..

第七章：主谓一致系列
1．        如果主语是由both…and, …and… 连接，则其谓语动词用复数形式：
例如：
Both you and I were chosen to be Father Chrstmas’s assistants . 我和你都被选为圣诞老人的助手了。
Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop near Snow White Estate. 在白雪公主住宅区附近的店铺里出售咖啡和啤酒。
Mr, Smith and Mrs Smith are both bus-conductors. 史密斯先生和史密斯夫人都是汽车售票员。
You, he and I are all from East China. 你我他都是华东人。
2．        如果主语是单数，尽管后面带有as well as (和), with(和), together with(和), including （包括），rather than( 而不是), like（象）, except （除了）, besides （除了）, along with (和),… 等连接的名词，谓语动词仍然使用单数；如果主语是复数，则谓语动词也用复数。
例如：
   Your whole family as well as your relatives are very kind to me. 你全家包括你家亲戚对我都很好。
Ms. Wang besides her students would like to go hiking this Sunday. 王女士和她的学生想在这个星期日去远足。
Li Yuchun, including her fans, is deeply moved at that moment. 在那一刻李宇春包括她的歌迷都被深深地打动了。
   Rose , rather than Danny, is going to see foreign friends at the airport. 是罗斯，而不是丹伲要去飞机场为外国友人送行。
   No one but your parents was there at that time. 当时除了你父母，没有任何人在那里。
Nobody except your best friend, intends to join us in climbing the hill. 除了你最好的朋友，没有任何人打算和我们一起爬山。
  He , like you and I , is very smart. 他象你我一样聪明。
Peter, along with Mary and Alice is going to sing karaoke next weekend. 彼得，玛丽和埃利斯打算下周末去唱卡拉OK.
   My brother, together with my uncles has gone to visit the Forbidden City. 我哥哥和叔叔们一起去紫禁城了。
3.        由连词or （或者）, either…or（要么……要么……）, neither…nor(既不……也不……), not only…but also （不但……而且……）, not…but （不是……而是……）there be （某地有……） 连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数要由就近原则来确定，即由离谓语动词最近的单词的单复数形式决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
例如：
  You or I am going to visit Grandpa this afternoon. 或者你或者我今天下午去看望爷爷。
  Neither his parents nor his sister is interested in watching television series. 他父母和他妹妹都对看电视连续剧没有兴趣。
  Not only the students but also their teacher has a good time when they spend time playing basketball. 当他们在打篮球时，不仅学生玩得高兴，老师也玩得高兴。
  Not one but all of us are hoping to be there on time. 只是我们希望能准时到达那里。
4        当either(任一的, (两方中的)每一方的) , neither(两者都不) , each (各自的, 每个的, 每一), one…the other…(一个……另一个), another （另外的, 又一）,anybody （任何人）, anyone （任何一个）, anything （任何事）, somebody （有人, 某人）someone （有人, 某人）, something （某事, 某物）, everybody（每个人, 人人）, everyone（每个人, 人人）, everything （每件事物, 万事）, nobody （谁也不, 无人, 任何人, 没有任何人）, no one （没有人）, nothing（什么也没有, 无）等作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数：
Either of the films is fine for me. 对我来说，哪一场电影都好。
Neither of us is good at making models. 我们俩个都不擅长做模型。
Each of the pens costs three dollars. 每只钢笔三美元。
She has two sons. One works in a company, the other works in a school. 她又两个儿子，一个在公司里上班，另一个在学校里上班。
There isn’t anything much wrong with your leg. 你的腿没什么大毛病。
Somebody is using the phone so you had better wait for a moment.有人在用电话，所以你最好等一回儿。
Don’t worry, Mum. Everthing is fine for me. 妈妈，不要担心。我一切都好。
No one is to speak at the meeting. 没有人要在会议上发言。
4．        当分数或百分数+名词作主语时，谓语动词的数与这个名词的数保持一致。
例如：
More than 70%of the surface of our planet is covered by water. 超过70%的地球表面被水覆盖。
Two-thirds of the information you gave me was useless. 你给我的信息中，三分之二的信息是没有用的。
One-fourth of the rooms have already been occupied in the hotel. 旅馆中四分之一的房间已经被占用了。
6. 当表示时间，距离，价格，度量衡等名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数；如果主语是表示时间，距离，价格，度量衡等名词的复数名词或短语时，把它看作一个整体，谓语动词仍然使用单数形式。
例如：
Another four years has passed. 又一个四年过去了。
One hundred kilometers is a good distance for this old lady. 对这位老妇人来说，一百公里是个很远的距离。
Only thirty pounds is not expensive. 三十英镑不是很贵。
One million francs is a big sum. 一百万法郎是笔巨款。
There is two more miles to go. 还有两英里路要走。
Where is that ten cents I lent you。 我借给你的十美分呢？？
7. 有些名词后虽然有“s”，但不表示复数概念，它们做主语的时候，谓语动词用单数形式：
  1）以s 结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称：
例如：
      Arthritis关节炎,    bronchitis支气管炎,    rickets软骨病,    mumps腮腺炎,    diabetes糖尿病
      Darts 投镖游戏    marbles 打子弹游戏    cards 打纸牌
Sometimes bronchitis makes my aunt out of breath.  有时候，支气管炎让我阿姨喘不过气来。
Darts is an interesting game which attracts lots of people. 投镖游戏很有趣，它吸引了很多人。
2）        以-ics 结尾的学科名称
例如：
Physics 物理学   maths/mathematics数学    mechanics 机械学    politics政治学    athletics体育学    economics经济学，  linguistics  语言学
这些单词作主语时，其谓语动词也需要用单数形式。
例如：
Physics is a difficult subject for me to learn in middle school.  在中学，物理对我来说是很难学的一门课程。
Mathematics is a subject which three-quarters students like. 数学是一门四分之三的学生都喜欢的课程。
Athletics is a required course for students of all grades in China.体育课是中国所有年级必须学得课程。
3) scissors（剪刀）, pincers（钳子）, glasses(眼镜), shorts(短裤), trousers, suspenders pants… 这些名词如果带有单位词，则有单位词的单复数决定动词的单复数形式.
但是若这些词单独使用，通常用复数。(具体略)
8. 如果主语是all of… （……的所有）, some of… （……的一些）, half of…（……的一半）, most of…（……的大部分）,lots of…（许多）, plenty of…（许多） 等表示非确定数量的名词词组时，其后的动词形式按照of词组中的名词类别来决定，即如果该名词事单数，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果该名词是复数形式，则谓语动词也要用复数形式。
For most of the girls, almost half of the money they earned was spent on clothes. 对于大多数女孩子来说，几乎一半的钱都花在衣服上了。
Most of the League members always gather together to have a party. 大多数的团员总是聚在一起举行晚会。
All of the information on my computer was lost. 我电脑里的信息全部都丢了。
All of the crew were saved from the freezing river. 所有的船员都从冰冷的河水中被救了出来。
Some of the furniture has been moved away from here. 一些家具已经从这儿挪走了。
Some of my friends come to wish me “Happy Bithday” every year. 每年我的一些朋友都会来祝我“生日快乐”。
Half of the building was damaged in the food. 一半的建筑物在洪水中受损。
Half of the students in our classroom are going to learn a second language. 我们班里一半的学生都打算学一门第二语言。
Lots of food is needed in poverty-stricken areas. 贫困地区需要很多食物。
Lots of people are eager to go abroad as soon as possible. 许多人急于尽早出国。
Plenty of the sugar is imported from Cuba. 大量的糖从古巴引进过来。
Plenty of the books have been given out. 大量的书被发下去了。
9. 若主语是由：a kind / sort / type/ of +名词构成时，则谓语动词要用单数形式。
This kind of man is not polite enough.  这种人不是很有礼貌。
This kind of furniture is highly priced. 这种家具价格很高。
That type of men is quite dangerous. 这种人很危险。
注意哦：若kind/ sort. type前的限定词是these, those ， 同时of词组中的名词又是复数，则动词用复数。
例如：
These kind of men are not polite enough.
Those type/ sort of machines are old-fashioned.

Exercise:
* Read the sentences and tell whether the sentences below are true or false. 判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”表示。
1) Both air and water is essential to our human beings.
2) Mr. Jiang, as well as his students are going to visit Tussauds Wax Museaum this coming Saturday.
3) We students, rather than our class teacher is afraid of examinations.
4) Either Mr. Black or the Smiths is going on a vocation in Hawaii.
5) Not you but he is good at playing badminton.
6) There are a table and some wardrobes in his new-decorated house.
7) None of the dishes are tasty for students in our school.
8) One-third of the women is much more independent in modern times.
9) About 80 percent of the information on the Internet is believable.
10)Diabetes are common among the olders.
Keys:
1) F   2)  F  3) F  4) F   5) T   6) F  7) F  8) F   9) T   10) F
Reasons:
1) Both air and water are essential to our human beings.
2) Mr. Jiang, as well as his students is going to visit Tussauds Wax Museaum this coming Saturday.
3) We students, rather than our class teacher are afraid of examinations.
4) Either Mr. Black or the Smiths are going on a vocation in Hawaii.
5) T
6) There is a table and some wardrobes in his new-decorated house.
7) None of the dishes is tasty for students in our school.
8) One-third of the women are much more independent in modern times.
9) T
10)Diabetes is common among the olders.
** Choose the the proper forms of vebs tofill in the blanks with. 选择动词的适当形式填空。
1)        Linguistics ______ ( are, is) helpful for us to learn.
2)        Half of the apples _____ ( has , have ) been wasted.
3)        Plenty of the cattle  _____ ( are ,  is ) being carried to another farm.
4)        This kind of newspapers which ______ ( were, was) not popular in the past ______ ( is,  are) worth reading nowadays.
5)        I, along with my sisiters _____ ( am, are) good at finding ways of relaxation.
6)        Not only human beings but also poultry ______ ( have, has) bad feelings occasionally.
7)        Listen, someone ______ (is, are ) knocking at the door.
8)        Everyone on the earth ______ (know, knows) that the sun rises in the east.
9)        No one but you ______ (want, wants) to travel alone.
10)         Two days ______ (are , is ) spent shopping by these two girls.
Keys:
1)        is   因为“ Linguistics”是“语言学”，是一门学科，其作主语是谓语用单数。
2)        have  因为“Half of”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其后的名词的单复数，本题中“Half of”后的名词是“apples”，是复数形式，故该句的谓语动词也应该用复数。
3)        are  因为“Plenty of”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其后的名词的单复数，本题中“Plenty of”后的名词是“cattle”，是复数形式，故该句的谓语动词也应该用复数。
4)        was, is  因为“This kind of”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
5)        am   因为如果主语是单数，尽管后面带有along with (和)… 等连接的名词，谓语动词仍然使用单数。
6)        have  “not only…but also…”的用法要遵循就近原则，离谓语动词最近的单词是形式上是单数，实质上是复数的“poultry”，因此谓语动词要用复数形式。
7)        is  因为“someone” 作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
8)        knows  因为“Everyone” 作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
9)        wants   因为“No one” 作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
10)        is   因为时间，距离，价格，度量衡等名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
*** III. Translate the following sentences into English by using the words given. 用所给单词把下面句子翻译成英文。
1)．爸爸和妈妈都是训练有素的工人。（as well as）
2) 除了迈克我们刚才都给服务员小费了。(except)
3）就像他哥哥一样，他毕业后参军了。(like)
4）我和她都在不停的和肥胖作斗争。(not only…but also)
5）四分之三的同学对中国古代史知道得很多。
6）任何人触犯法律都必须受到惩罚。(anyone)
7）我小的时候一百元钱对我意义重大。
8）机械学是他大学时的主修学科。（major in）
9) 他的大部分时间都用在环游世界上了。
10）这类消息不可靠。
Keys:
1)        Dad, as well Mum is a well-trained worker.
2)        We except Mike tipped the waiter just now.
3)        He, like his brother joined the army after his graduation.
4)        Not only she but also I never stop fighting against fatness.
5)        Tree-quauters of the students have a good knowledge of Chian
6)        Anyone who breaks the law must be punished.
7)        One hundred Yuan is significant to me when I was a child.
8)        Mechanics is the subject in which he majors in the university.
9)        Most of his time is spent traveling around the world.
10)        This kind of news is not reliable..

谢谢老师。.

谢谢老师的无私奉献！.

第八章：多彩多姿的句子表达
一个句子有多种表达方式，相信同学们并不陌生。如果你能用一个“与众不同”的表达方法来表达同样的意思，那么你的作文就会很出彩，会令阅读者“眼前一亮”的哦。不信，尝试一下吧！
一、词汇选择--准确，到位，言简意赅，尽量做到标新立异
下面来看几组例句，请从中仔细体会各个句子的表达方法。
1）在周末我们做很多作业。
A: At weekends, we have a lot of homework to do.
　　B: At weekends, we have endless homework to do.
2） 昨天，汤姆没来上学。
A: Yesterday Tom didn’t come to school.
B: Yesterday Tom was absent from school.
3)  我费劲的从人群中挤了出来。
A: I came out from the crowd with great difficulty.
B: I fought my way out from the crowd.
C: I elbowed my way out from the crowd.
4)        这些服装设计地很好。
A: The design of these clothes is good.
B: These clothes are well-designed.
5) 上海气象局发出一个台风警报。
A：Shanghai weather authorities sent out a typhoon alarm.
B: Shanghai weaterh authorities sounded a typhoon alarm.
6) 妈妈催促我买下这本书。
A: Mother asked me to buy the book hurriedly.
B: Mother hustled me into buying the book.
7)  他问的问题把我难住了，我不得不去查字典。
A: The question he asked is too difficult for me, so I had to look up it in the dictioanary.
B: The question he asked sent me to my dictionary.
8)  他充分利用了以辛勤工作赢来的休息机会。
A: He made full use of the rest that he earned by hardworking.
B: He made full use of his hard-earned rest.
9) 乔治刚刚大学毕业。
A: George has just graduated from university.
B: George is fresh from university.
10) 我们队赢得比赛的机会很小。
A: We have little chance to win the competition.
B: The chance to win the competition is slim.
11)到最后我说不出话来了。
A: I couldn’t say a word at last.
B: Words failed me at the last minute.
12) 我必须努力学习，不能让父母失望。
A: I have to work hard and can’t make my parents disappointed.
B: I have to study hard to live up to my parents’ hopes.


　　　　二、句子结构设计—力争与众不同
同样的思想内容，可以有很多种表达方法，使用与别人不同的表达方式,特别是提倡打破汉语句子结构的束缚而重组的句子则更引人注目。
1）夜里狗的狂吠声让我难以入睡。
A: I can’t fall asleep because the dog yaps at night.
B: The dog’s yap made it difficult for me to sleep at night.
C: At night the dog keeps me awake with his yapping.
2) 这很容易。
A: It’s easy.
B: No problem.
C: It’s a piece of cake.
D: No sweat.
　　3)印度尼西亚曾在2000年发生过一次可怕的海啸。
　　A: There was a terrible tsunami in Indonesia in 2000.
B: A terrible tsunami hit/struck Indonesia in 2000.
2) 她身穿黄色套装，在为她的书签名。
A: She wore a yellow suit and signed copies of her books.
B: Dressed in a yellow suit, she signed copies of her books.
4)        抢劫犯双手绑着被带到了法庭。
A: The robber was brought into the court and his hands were tied.
B: The robber was brought into the court ,with his hands tied.
5)        希望你收到这封信的时候，你的身体会更健康些。
A: I hope you will be healthier when you received this letter.
B: I hope this letter will find you in better health.
6)你来信我已经收到了。
　　A:I have received your letter .
B: Your letter has reached/ got to me.
7) 他只要一动，伤口就会使整个胳膊都疼。
A: Whenever he moves, the wound will make his whole arm painful.
B: Whenever he moves, the wound will send pains all along his arm.
8)        阿富汗太乱，人民不能过上平静的生活。
A: It is too disorderly for the people in Afghanistan to step into a life of ease.
B: It is so disorderly for the people in Afghanistan that they can’t step into a life of ease.
C: It is disorderly for the people in Afghanistan so that they can’t step into a life of ease.
D: It isn’t orderly enough for the people in Afghanistan to step into a life of ease.
9)        汤姆坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着客厅的一角。
A: Tom sat with his hands cupping her chin and his eyes stared at a corner of the living room.
B: Staring at a corner of the living room, Tom sat with his hands cupping her chin.
10)        我的一个好朋友迪克今天早上就匆匆忙忙的离开家了。
A：Dick is one of my best friends and he left home hurriedly this morning.
B: Dick, one of my best friends left home hurriedly this morning.
C: Hurriedly, Dick, one of my best friends left home this morning.
11) 又黑又潮，这个屋子和我上次见的有很多不同。
A: The house was dark and dankish and it looked quite different from the way I saw it last time.
B: Dark and dankish，the house looked quite different from the way I saw it last time.

11)        玛丽是我们班最努力的学生。
A：Mary is the most hardworking student in our class.
B: Mary is more hardworking than any other student in our class.
C: Mary is more hardworking than any of the other students/ the others.
D: No one in our class in more hardworking than Mary.
12)        昨天爸爸和我乘公交车去了上海影城。
A：Father, together with I went to Shanghai Film Art Center yesterday by bus.
B: Father, together with I went to Shanghai Film Art Center yesterday on a bus.
C: Father, together with I took a bus to go to Shanghai Film Art Center yesterday.
13)        上海国际会议中心在哪里？
A: Where is shanghai International Convention Centre?
B: Which is the way to shanghai International Convention Centre?
C: Could you show me the way to shanghai International Convention Centre?
D: How can I get to / arrive at / reach shanghai International Convention Centre?
E: Where can I find shanghai International Convention Centre?
F: Do you know the way to shanghai International Convention Centre?
14)        看电影《美丽人生》怎么样？
A: Shall we see the film called “Life Is Beautiful”?
B: Let’s see the film called “Life Is Beautiful”, shall we?
C: What / How about seeing the film called “Life Is Beautiful”?
D: Why don’t we see the film called “Life Is Beautiful”?
E: Why not see the film called “Life Is Beautiful”?
15)        《爱丽丝梦游仙境》这本书花了我大约30元钱。
A: The book called “ The Adventures of Alice in Wonderland” cost me about 30 Yuan.
B: I spent about 30 Yuan buying the book called “ The Adventures of Alice in Wonderland.
C: I spent about 30 Yuan on the book called “ The Adventures of Alice in Wonderland.
D: I paid about 30 Yuan for the book called “ The Adventures of Alice in Wonderland.
16)        令我大为惊喜的是，我收到了一封来自秀兰•邓波儿的信。
A: To my great surprise, I received a letter from Sherley Temple .
B: To my great surprise, I got a letter from Sherley Temple.
C: To my great surprise, I heard from Sherley Temple.
三：用一些强势句式,如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等,增强语句的表现力。
例如:
１）今天天气很好。
A: It is fine weather. (陈述句)
B: What fine weather it is! （感叹句）
2) 是你告诉我这个消息的。
A: You told me this piece of news.(一般句式)
B: It was you who told me this piece of news.(强调句式)
3）我从来没有见到过她有这么好的心情。
A：I have never seen him in such a good mood.
B: Never have I found him in such a good mood.
四．“美化”句子小窍门
怎样使平淡无奇的句子表达“顿生姿色”呢？尝试一下几种方法吧！
1.        用副词开头:
友情提示：该副词后要用逗号哦！
Luckily，All the studens in Class Two caught the school bus at last.　幸运的是，二班所有的学生最终都赶上了校车。
Unfortunately, I failed in Physics this time. 不幸的是，我这次物理不及格。
Surprisedly, famous as a penny pincher though he is, he treated me to dinner last night. 奇怪，虽然他是有名的吝啬鬼，但是他昨天晚上竟然请我吃了晚饭。
　　2.用同位语开头
My best friend, Lucy will come to spend her summer vocation together with me. 我最好的朋友露西将要来和我一起度过她的暑假生活。
Miss Zhou, one of my sister asked me to have these clothes washed before eigth o’clock tonight.
我的一个姐姐周小姐让我在今晚八点之前把这些衣服给洗了。
Tim, a boy of eight loves these types of heavy metal bands. 八岁的男孩蒂姆喜欢听这种重金属乐队的音乐。
　　　4.用表语开头
To give advice to the emperor is Quyuan’s job. 给皇帝提建议是屈原的工作。
To ask you for help is the reason I am here now. 我来这儿的目的是请你帮忙。
To take good care of the patients is the nurses’ duty.  好好照顾病人是护士们的本职工作。
　　　５.以短语修饰语开头
　　1）以介词短语开头
To me this house is big enough to live in. 对我来讲，这个房子大的够我住的了.
To my surprise, he is the right person I’m looking for . 令我吃惊的是，他就是我正在找的人。
To my shame, I forgot to bring you a birthday presents today. 不好意思，我今天忘了给你带礼物了。
With a book in her hand, she walked into the classroom.
手里拿本书，她走进了教室。

　　2）以分词短语开头
Looking from the hill, I can see the whole city. 从山上看，我能够看到整个城市。
Being a person full of wisdom, the former first lady in America , and now a U﹒S﹒senator for New York, Hillary Rodham Clinton, was thought highly by most of the Americans.
前任美国第一夫人,现任美国纽约州的参议员的希拉里•罗德曼•克林顿是一个充满智慧的人，被大部分美国人所赞赏。
Dressed in red, she went into the church.　她穿着一身红走进了教堂。
Seen from a distance at night , the Oriental Pearl TV Tower is really brilliant. 晚上从远处看，东方明珠电视塔真是很漂亮。
　　3）以不定式短语开头
　　To pass the exam，you should work very hard. 要想通过考试，你应该努力学习。
To earn enough money to pay for her house, she works hard all day and all night.
   为了挣钱买房子，她整天整夜地辛勤工作着。
  To meet your demand, your parents go to the trouble of travelling a long distance to ask for a Yaoming’s handwritten signature.
为了满足你的要求，你父母不远千里索求姚明的亲笔签名。
5．必要的连词增加句子的“粘性”，让你的作文“整体化”。
　（1）　表层进关系的连词
　　first （首先，第一）, firstly（首先，第一）， to begin with/ to start with （首先，以……开始），　in the first place (首先)　
Second / secondly （第二，其次）,
　　third / thirdly（第三）, what‘s more （再者, 而且）
　　also （也） then （那么，然后）next (下一个, 其次)
　　and equally important （同样重要的是）
　　besides （除了） in addition（另外）
　　furthermore (此外, 而且)
　　　last last but not the least ( 列举时用于最后一项之前，表示最后的单同样重要的)
　　　moreover （而且, 此外）
　　 finally （最终，最后）
　　
　　（2）表举例关系的连词
　　for example /for instance （例如）
　　to illustrate （举例说明） / as an illustration （作为一个例子）
　　(3) 表解释关系的连词
　　as a matter of fact/ in fact (事实上) , frankly speaking(坦白地说) / honestly speaking (坦白地说, 老实说)
　　in this case (既然这样) namely (即, 也就是)  　　in other words (换句话说)
　　 To tell you the truth (说实在话, 老实说)
　　 (4) 表总结关系的连词
　　in summary (总的来说，归纳起来)， in a word （一句话, 总而言之）
　　in brief （简单扼要地说，简而言之），  in conclusion （最后, 总之）　　in short (简而言之)
　　in other words (换句话说) 　　　　that is (即, 就是, 换句话说, 就是说, 更确切地说)
to summarize (概述, 总结, 摘要而言)
　　thus as has been said (因此就像已经说过的那样)
　　finally in plain terms（最后简单说来, 坦白地说）
　 on the whole （大体上, 基本上）  　
therefore （因此, 所以）
　　
（5）表强调关系的连词
　　of course （当然）     indeed （当然, 甚至）    certainly （的确,）
　　above all （最重要, 首先）   What the most important is…(最重要的是)
　  to speak with emphasis 强调地说
　　
（6） 表让步关系的连词
　　still （还, 仍, 还要, 尽管如此, 依然）nevertheless （然而, 不过）
　　in spite of （不管，尽管）  all the same （仍然）
　　even so （虽然如此）  although /though (虽然, 尽管)  after all 毕竟
　　（7）表比较关系的连词
　　in comparison with (与...比较)
likewise (同样地, 照样地) 　　similarly (同样地, 类似于)  　　　in the same way (同样地)
　　 by contrast with 和...成对照； 和...比起来   be contrary to 与...相反
　　(8) 表转折关系的连词
　　at the same time (同时, 但是)  but/however (而是, 但是)  　　nevertheless (然而, 不过)
　 on the contrary (正相反)
　　on the other hand (另一方面)   otherwise (另外, 否则,)
　　regardless (不管, 不顾, )      　　despite (不管, 尽管, 不论)
even so (虽然如此……但是)       　　even though (即使……但是)
for all that (虽然如此……但是)
　 in spite of （不管…）
　
　　（9）表时间关系的连词

　　after a while (不久, 过一会儿)   afterwards (然后, 后来地)
　　again (又, 再次, 此外, 再一次)  also (也, 同样)
　　and then (于是, 然后)    as long as (在...的时候)
　　at last/　eventually/ finally  (终于)      at length (最后)
　　at that time (在那时)      　　in the past (在过去)
　lately(近来, 最近)　　meanwhile (其间, 其时)　　　　  presently (目前, 不久)　　at present (现在, 目前) 　
so far (迄今为止)  　　subsequently　(后来, 随后) 　　　.

星级英语写作的语法篇已经告一个段落了。
明天将开始我们的分类范文。
这些日子以来每周四都去上海的宝贝之家帮忙。感触甚多。在此与大家分享。
宝贝之家现在位于浦东儿童医学中心的附近。为全国各地来上海就医的孤儿病患提供就医，和康复护养的帮助。从一个当初几位妈妈出于爱心组建的康复小家，到现在的规模，都说明做宝贝之家是在做真正的实事。我每周四去，满眼都是让我感动的人和事。 孩子们受到了无微不至的关怀。60几岁的周老师，每天睡在工作场所，几十个孩子生病的孩子，一有风吹草动，她就要带着孩子上医院。每次都能看到从外地福利院风尘仆仆赶来的老师和孩子们。上周看到一个孩子已经蛮大了，貌似是腮腺肿瘤，头已经长变形了，五官也被挤压着。她一直忍受着病痛之苦，一到宝贝之家就哭着说头很痛，眼睛很痛，要去看医生。试想，孩子都是怕看医生的，闹着要去看医生，可见病痛折磨了她多痛苦。
希望更多的人能够关注宝贝之家，能够关心这些从小就被遗弃的孩子。宝贝之家现在有很多手术后的孩子，虽然在宝贝之家，他们都受到了悉心的照料，但是我们还是希望他们能感受到家庭的温暖。如果您有朋友可以给孩子们提供寄养服务，请和我们联系。
宝贝之家的网址是： http://www.shbabyhome.org.cn/

[ 本帖最后由 邴老师初中英语 于 2012-11-20 11:15 编辑 ].

谢谢邴老师，已下载。孩子来上课时，需要带来吗？？.

这些内容，可以让孩子时常翻阅。上课不需要带来了。.

第二部分： 作文题材分类学习
1. 动 物
Words and expressions for your reference:
*
horse                                                                                                        马
mare                                                                                                        母马
mule                                                                                                        骡
ox                                                                                                        牛
oxen                                                                                                 牛（复数）
buffalo                                                                                                水牛
cow                                                                                                        母牛
calf                                                                                                        小牛，牛犊
piglet                                                                                                        猪崽
sheep                                                                                                        羊
goat                                                                                                         山羊
lamb                                                                                                        羊羔，羔羊
zebra                                                                                                        斑马
antilope                                                                                                羚羊
reindeer                                                                                                驯鹿
giraffe                                                                                                长颈鹿
camel                                                                                                骆驼
elephant                                                                                                象
cat                                                                                                        猫
kitten                                                                                                        小猫
lion                                                                                                        狮
puma                                                                                                        美洲豹
leopard                                                                                                豹
tiger                                                                                                        虎
yak                                                                                                        牦牛
dog                                                                                                        狗
fox                                                                                                        狐
wolf                                                                                                        狼
squirrel                                                                                                松鼠
beaver                                                                                                河狸
bear                                                                                                        熊
rabbit                                                                                                        兔子
hare                                                                                                        野兔
rat                                                                                                        鼠
mole                                                                                                        鼹鼠
mouse                                                                                                家鼠
monkey                                                                                                猴子
chimpanzee                                                                                         黑猩猩
gorilla                                                                                                大猩猩
kangaroo                                                                                                袋鼠
koala                                                                                                        考拉，树袋熊
hedgehog                                                                                                刺猬
bat                                                                                                        蝙蝠
whale                                                                                                鲸鱼
dolphin                                                                                                海豚
seal                                                                                                        海豹
chicken                                                                                                鸡，雏鸡
turkey                                                                                                火鸡
peacock                                                                                                孔雀
duck                                                                                                        鸭
duckling                                                                                                 小鸭子
swan                                                                                                        天鹅
pigeon                                                                                                鸽
ostrich                                                                                                鸵鸟
seagull                                                                                                海鸥
parrot                                                                                                鹦鹉
crow                                                                                                        乌鸦
magpie                                                                                                喜鹊
swallow                                                                                                燕子
sparrow                                                                                                麻雀
nightingale                                                                                                夜莺
robin                                                                                                        知更鸟
penguin                                                                                                企鹅
lizard                                                                                                        蜥蜴
tortoise                                                                                                 乌龟
sea turtle                                                                                                海龟

**

as busy as a bee                                                                                         好像一个蜜蜂一样的忙碌
SPCA inspectors                                                                                 动物保护协会的调查员们
will drown                                                                                         将被淹死
find shelter for the homeless animals                                                          为无家可归的动物找到栖身之
地
a kennel                                                                                                 一个狗窝
a hive                                                                                                 一个蜂房
a den                                                                                                 一个兽穴
a nest                                                                                                 一个鸟窝
rescue animals from danger                                                                         把动物从危险中解救出来
raise a pet                                                                                                 养一个宠物
feed the pet with food                                                                                 用食物来喂养这个宠物
live under the water                                                                                 住在水下
live in a cave                                                                                         住在一个山洞中
a mammal                                                                                         一种哺乳动物
take good care of the sick animals                                                         好好照顾生病的动物
give birth to a puppy                                                                                 生出一只小狗
belong to the reptile                                                                                  属于爬行类
a tail                                                                                                  一条尾巴
a paw                                                                                                 一个爪子
a horn                                                                                                 一个角 （ 羊，牛）
a hoof                                                                                                 一个蹄 ( 羊，马)
a nail                                                                                                 一片指甲
a mat                                                                                                 一片肉垫
flipper                                                                                                鳍状肢
fin                                                                                                         鱼稽
scale                                                                                                 鱼鳞
feather                                                                                                 羽毛
down                                                                                                  绒毛
leather                                                                                                 皮毛
quiet and gentle                                                                                         安静而温和的
noisy and naughty                                                                                 吵闹而调皮的
powerful and fierce                                                                                 强有力而残忍的
live on grass                                                                                         以草为食
live on meat                                                                                         以肉为食
a fish can swim                                                                                         鱼儿可以游泳
a mosquito can sting people                                                                         蚊子会叮人
a grasshopper can hop                                                                         蚱蜢会跳
a horse can trot                                                                                         马儿会小跑
a chicken can crow                                                                                 鸡会鸣啼
a dog can bark                                                                                         狗会吠
a cat can lick                                                                                         猫会舔
a duck can quack                                                                                 鸭子会嘎嘎叫
a hunter                                                                                                 一个猎人
capture animals for living                                                                         以狩猎为生
tame an animal                                                                                         驯养一个动物
honest                                                                                                 诚实的
loyal                                                                                                 忠诚的
cheerful                                                                                                 愉快的
obedient                                                                                                 顺从的
cunning                                                                                                狡猾的
in a stable                                                                                                 在一个马厩里
in a hutch                                                                                                 在一个兔子笼里
in a tank                                                                                                在一个鱼缸里
in a cage                                                                                                 在一个笼子里
an intelligent animal                                                                                 一种聪明的动物
a beast                                                                                                 一只野兽
a fowl                                                                                                 一个家禽
dog food                                                                                                 狗粮
pat a cat gently                                                                                         轻轻地拍一只猫

***
by snail mail                                                                                         通过传统邮递信件 （snail蜗牛，
这里形容信很慢）
give a pet love and care                                                                         给一个宠物爱和关心
Kill two birds with one stone.                                                                 一箭双雕；一举两得。
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.                                                 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。
Fine feathers make fine birds.                                                                 人要衣装，马要鞍。
Love me, love my dog.                                                                         爱屋及乌。  
A cat has nine lives.                                                                                猫有九条命；吉人天相。
Cats hide their claws.                                                                                 知人知面不知心。
Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched.                                         鸡蛋未孵出，先别数小鸡。
Every dog has his day.                                                                         人人皆有得意时。
Barking dogs seldom bite.                                                                         爱吠的狗很少咬人。
The frog in the well knows nothing of the great ocean.                                 井底之蛙，不知大海。  
The fox may grow grey, but never good.                                                 毛色可变，本性难移。
The best fish swim near the bottom.                                                         好鱼常在水底游。   
Never offer to teach fish to swim.                                                                 不要班门弄斧。   
You can take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink.                带马到河边容易，逼马饮水难。
Don’t put the cart before the horse.                                                        不要本末倒置。
One swallow does not make a summer.                                                         一燕不成夏。  
If you don’t enter a tiger’s den, you can’t get his cubs.                                 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

*基础篇
Seal

I am a seal, and I live in the ocean. Sometimes, I come to the land for a walk. But I usually swim in water because I can find fish and I can move fast there.

During the warm months I stay in the north, but every year I swim thousands of miles to the south. During the long trip I don’t go up to the land at all. My lungs are special and I can stay under water for a long time.

In spring, I live in the north. When I have a baby, I must stay on land and feed it there. At the same time, I must look for food in water and take the food to my baby.

I am a quiet and gentle animal. Though I am slow on land, I am very intelligent. Please don’t kill me for my skin or meat. I have only one coat, my skin, but you may have got a lot of coats.

Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        住在海洋里
b)        到陆地上走一走
c)        在温暖的月份里
d)        游好几千里路到南方去
e)        在这个长长的旅途中
f)        根本不到陆地上来
g)        肺
h)        给…喂食
i)        同时
j)        寻找…
k)        安静又温和的
l)        非常聪明
m)        为了我的皮毛或者肉而杀害我
n)        只有一件外套

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        live in the ocean
b)        come to the land for a walk
c)        during the warm months
d)        swim thousands of miles to the south
e)        during the long trip
f)        don’t go up to the land at all
g)        lungs
h)        feed…with food
i)        at the same time
j)        look for…
k)        quiet and gentle
l)        very intelligent
m)        kill me for my skin or meat
n)        have only one coat

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        Where does a seal live?
b)        Why does a seal come up?
c)        In warm months, where does a seal stay?
d)        What does a seal do very year?
e)        During the long trip, does a seal go up to the land?
f)        What does a mother seal do?
g)        What does the writer think of a seal?
h)        What does the seal hope?

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        A seal lives in the ocean.
b)        A seal comes up for breathing, taking a walk, or feeding babies...
c)        In the warm months a seal stays in the north.
d)        No, it doesn’t go up to the land at all.
e)        A mother seal usually stays on land and feeds its baby there. At the same time, it looks for food and takes the food to the baby.
f)        A seal is quiet, gentle, slow, and intelligent.
g)        It hopes that people will not kill seals any longer.

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic.
Supporting Words and Phrases:
the largest animals
mammals
breathe air
spray water
take a breath
giant
have long been killed
realize the importance of doing sth
Whales

Whales are the largest animals in the world. They are also the animals of a long history.

They look like fish but actually they are not fish. They are mammals. Because they breathe air with lungs and feed their babies with milk. They can’t stay in water for too long, so we can see them coming up for air. The noses of whales are on the top of their heads and when they spray water that means they are taking a breath.

There are two sorts of whales: the whales with teeth and the whales without teeth. Both of them are gentle giants

Whales have long been killed because of their fat and meat. But now human beings have realized the importance of protecting them. I think we can live happily with the giants in water.

参考译文：

鲸鱼

鲸鱼是世界上最大的动物。它们也是一种历史悠久的动物。

        它们看起来很像鱼，但是实际上它们不是鱼。它们是哺乳动物。 因为它们用肺呼吸，并且用奶来喂养它们的孩子。它们不能在水中待太长的时间，所以我们可以看到它们浮上水面来呼吸。鲸鱼的鼻子位于它们头部的上端，当它们喷水的时候就表明它们正在呼吸。

        有两种鲸鱼：有牙齿的鲸鱼和没有牙齿的鲸鱼。这两种鲸鱼都是温和的大巨人。

        鲸鱼长期以来因为它们的脂肪和肉被捕杀。但是现在人类已经意识到了保护它们的重要性。我想我们可以和这些水中的巨人们很愉快地一起生活。

**优秀篇
My Cat and Dog

I have a dog Luck and a cat Fortune. They may bring me luck and fortune, but they also bring me some troubles.

They often fight each other, and I am disappointed to find that the dog Luck is really afraid of the cat Fortune. You may not believe that, because in cartoons, a cat is usually quiet and a dog is bigger and stronger. But in reality, that is not the case at all. Dogs are more likely to annoy cats and they often make the mistake of cornering cats. But cats are ready to use their sharp claws and teeth to fight back. What makes me puzzled is that my dog Luck is so forgetful that he usually forgets to give its housemates a bit of respect and starts to annoy it again.

I don’t like to see them fighting or hear them screaming, but I don’t know what I should do to stop it. But my mother usually tells me if they enjoy it, just let it be.  

Task *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

My Cat and Dog

I have a dog Luck and a cat Fortune. They may bring me                a                        , but they also bring me some troubles.

They often fight each other, and I                         b                 to find that the dog Luck is really                         c                the cat Fortune. You may not believe that, because in cartoons, a cat is usually quiet and a dog is bigger and stronger. But in reality, that is not the case                         d                . Dogs                 e                         annoy cats and they often make the mistake of cornering cats. But cats are ready to use their sharp claws and teeth                 f                        . What makes me puzzled is that my dog Luck is                 g                         that he usually forgets to give its housemates a bit of respect and starts                h                         it again.

I don’t like to see them fighting or hear them screaming, but I don’t know what                 i                        . But my mother usually tells me if they enjoy it, just                         j                .  

Key *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

a)        luck and fortune
b)        am disappointed
c)        afraid of
d)        at all
e)        are more likely to
f)        to fight back
g)        so forgetful
h)        to annoy
i)        I should do to stop it
j)        let it be

Task **
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        带给我运气和财富
b)        打架
c)        失望的
d)        害怕…
e)        在现实生活中
f)        根本不是这样的
g)        更有可能做某事
h)        犯错误
i)        把…逼入绝境
j)        锋利的爪子和牙齿
k)        还击
l)        迷惑的
m)        住在同一个屋子里的人
n)        一些尊重
o)        骚扰某人
p)        听它们尖叫
q)        随它去吧

Key ** Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        bring me luck and fortune
b)        fight each other
c)        disappointed
d)        be afraid of…
e)        in reality
f)        that is not the case at all
g)        be more likely to do sth
h)        make mistakes
i)        corner …
j)        sharp claws and teeth
k)        fight back
l)        be puzzled
m)        housemate
n)        a bit of respect
o)        annoy sb
p)        hear sb screaming
q)        let it be

Task ***
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and translate the following sentences.  
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，翻译以下句子。)

a)        它们可能给我带来了运气和财富，可是它们也给我带来了一些麻烦。
b)        我很失望地发现狗很害怕猫。
c)        在卡通片中，一只猫通常很安静，但是一只狗却更大，更强壮。
d)        但是在现实生活中，情况根本就不是这样的。
e)        狗更有可能去骚扰猫。
f)        它们常犯这样的错误，就是把猫逼入绝境。
g)        但是猫准备好了用锋利的爪子和牙齿来反击。
h)        让我迷惑不解的是狗很健忘，总是忘记了要给它的室友一些尊重，还再一次骚扰它。
i)        我不喜欢看到它们打架，或是听到它们尖叫。
j)        但是我不知道我应该做什么来阻止。
k)        我的妈妈通常告诉我，如果它们喜欢这样，就随它去吧。

Key ***
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and translate the following sentences.  
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，翻译以下句子。)

a)        They may bring me luck and fortune, but they also bring me some troubles.
b)        I am disappointed to find that the dog is afraid of the cat.
c)        In cartoons, a cat is usually quiet and a dog is bigger and stronger.
d)        But in reality, that is not the case at all.
e)        Dogs are more likely to annoy cats.
f)        They often make the mistake of cornering cats.
g)        But cats are ready to use their sharp claws and teeth to fight back.
h)        What makes me puzzled is that the dog is so forgetful that he usually forgets to give its housemates a bit of respect and starts to annoy it again.
i)        I don’t like to see them fighting or hear them screaming.
j)        But I don’t know what I should do to stop it.
k)        My mother usually tells me if they enjoy it, just let it be.

***拓展篇（附参考译文）
Pets and Our Health

These days, many families have pets and some pets are treated as family members.  Some pets are loyal, some pets are cunning and some pets are sensitive. They are always good friends of human beings, because they can bring us much happiness in our daily life. Additionally, according to a recent research, pets could also bring more benefits to
our health.

Having a pet can help to improve the health of both sick and healthy people. The patients who have heart troubles are more likely to survive if they have pets. Because a good pet is a good company and being with it can reduce our blood pressure. A depressed person can find out much more pleasure with a pet than with a friend, because most of the pets are good listeners. And they can relieve depression and isolation. As healthy people, we all like the close relationship with a quiet and loyal pet, because it makes us feel that we are able to take care of other lives and we are needed.

   Nowadays, most of the children in China are lonely because usually there is only one
child in a family. In the circumstances, it is more necessary for children to have pets. The child with a pet can learn how to take care of others, how to express love and care, and become more responsible in the future.

参考译文：

宠物和我们的健康

        这些日子来，很多家庭都养宠物，而且一些宠物被看成家庭成员一般。有些宠物忠诚，有些宠物狡猾，而有些宠物则非常敏感。它们通常都是人类的好朋友，因为它们能给我们的日常生活带来很多快乐。除此以外，根据一个最近的调查，宠物也能给我们的生活带来更多的好处。

        拥有一个宠物可以帮助提高病人和身体健康者的健康水平。那些患有心脏病的病人如果有宠物的话，存活可能性会更大。因为一个好的宠物会是一个很好的伴侣，和它待在一起能降低人们的血压。一个沮丧的人和一个宠物在一起，获得的快乐比和一位朋友在一起获得快乐多，因为绝大部分的宠物都是好的聆听者。而且它们可以减轻沮丧感和孤独感。作为健康的人，我们都喜欢和一个安静而忠诚的宠物之间建立的亲密关系，因为这让我们感觉我们能够照顾其它的生命，而且我们是被需要的。

        如今，绝大多数的中国孩子非常孤单，因为通常一个家庭只有一个孩子。在这种情况下，孩子们养宠物就更为必要了。有宠物的孩子可以学到如何照顾他人，如何表达爱和关心，还能在未来变得更加有责任感。

Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        被作为家庭成员对待
b)        忠诚的
c)        狡猾的
d)        敏感的
e)        带给我们快乐
f)        此外
g)        根据…
h)        一份近期的调查
i)        带给我们好处
j)        提高健康水平
k)        患心脏病的病人
l)        一位好的伙伴
m)        降低我们的血压
n)        一位沮丧的人
o)        一位好的聆听者
p)        减轻忧郁和孤独
q)        一种亲密的关系
r)        能够做某事
s)        被需要的
t)        孤独的
u)        在这种情况下
v)        表达关爱
w)        更加有责任感的

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        be treated as family members
b)        loyal
c)        cunning
d)        sensitive
e)        bring us happiness
f)        additionally
g)        according to…
h)        a recent research
i)        bring benefits to me
j)        improve the health
k)        the patients who have heart troubles
l)        a good company
m)        reduce our blood pressure
n)        a depressed person
o)        a good listener
p)        relieve depression and isolation
q)        a close relationship
r)        be able to do sth
s)        be needed
t)        lonely
u)        in the circumstances
v)        express love and care
w)        become more responsible

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        How do kind people treat their pets?
b)        What makes pets different?
c)        Why are pets our good friends?
d)        Why is a pet good to the patient with heart trouble?
e)        Why is a pet good to a depressed person?
f)        What does a pet make us feel?
g)        Why is it necessary for children to have pets?

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        Kind people treat their pets as family members.
b)        Some pets are loyal, some pets are cunning and some pets are sensitive.
c)        Because they can bring us happiness and benefits in our daily
d)        Because a good pet is a good company and being with it can reduce our blood pressure.
e)        Because most of the pets are good listeners and they can relieve depression and isolation.
f)        A pet makes us feel that we are able to take care of other lives and we are needed.
g)        Because the child with a pet can learn how to take care of others, how to express love and care, and become more responsible in the future.

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic “My Favorite Animal”
（用以下的词汇和短语，就此话题写作）
Supporting Words and Phrases
penguin                                                                                                企鹅
flightless                                                                                                 不能飞翔的
lay eggs                                                                                                 下蛋
hatch eggs                                                                                                孵化蛋
evolve into                                                                                         进化成为…
flipper                                                                                                 鳍状肢
a torpedo shaped body                                                                         一个鱼雷形状的身体
feather                                                                                                 羽毛
underside                                                                                                 下腹部
layer of fat                                                                                         脂肪层
species                                                                                                 种类, 物种
clumsy                                                                                                 笨拙
swift and intelligent                                                                                 聪明又敏捷

My Favorite Animal

Penguins are my favorite animals. Penguins are flightless birds. They lay eggs and hatch their eggs, but they can’t fly like birds. The reason that penguins can’t fly is because their wings have evolved into flippers for swimming. These flippers make penguins very good swimmers. They swim so fast that they seem to "fly" underwater.

Penguins have short legs and a torpedo shaped body. They wag on the land. Their feathers are black or gray, and their undersides are white. So it is easy to recognize them on snow. They have thick layers of fat beneath their skin to keep them warm in icy waters.

There are seventeen species of penguins. The largest of all is the Emperor penguin which stands about 4 feet high. But I think all species of penguins are very cute. Penguins can swim for many hours, and can dive about 900 feet deep in the water. They look a little bit clumsy, but actually, they are intelligent and swift.

There are a lot of interesting things about penguins and scientists are trying to find more about their lives. I hope I will learn more about my favorite animal.

参考译文：

我最喜欢的动物

企鹅是我最喜欢的动物。企鹅是不能飞翔的鸟。它们下蛋并孵化，但是它们不能像鸟儿一样飞翔。企鹅不能飞翔的原因是它们的翅膀已经进化成为用于游泳的鳍了。这些鳍使得企鹅成为很棒的游泳健将。它们游得很快，看起来就好像在水下飞行一般。

企鹅有着短短的腿和一个鱼雷形状的身体。它们在陆地上走路时摇摇摆摆。它们的羽毛是黑色的或者灰色的，而它们的下腹部是白色的。所以在雪地上很容易就能辨认出它们。它们的皮下有很厚的脂肪层，使得它们能在冰水中保持体温。

企鹅的种类有十七种。所有的企鹅中体型最大的是皇帝企鹅，站起来大约有4英尺高。但是我认为所有的企鹅都很聪明伶俐。企鹅可以游好几个小时，还可以潜到水中大约900英尺的深处。它们看起来有一些笨拙，实际上，它们聪明又敏捷。

关于企鹅，有很多趣事，科学家们正在努力更多地了解它们的生活。我希望能够对我最喜欢的动物有更多的认识。.

2. 环境
Words and expressions for your reference:
*
pollute the air                                                                                 污染空气
pollute the soil                                                                                 污染土壤
pollute the environment                                                                 污染环境
protect the environment                                                                 保护环境
protect the earth from pollution                                                         保护地球免于污染
air pollution                                                                                空气污染
make the air dirty                                                                         污染空气
take a deep breath                                                                         深呼吸
hold one’s breath                                                                         屏住某人的呼吸
pollutant                                                                                         污染物
harmful substance                                                                        有害的物质
poison                                                                                         毒药
poisonous chemicals                                                                         有毒的化学物品
no smoking                                                                                 禁止抽烟
produce harmful smoke                                                                 产生有害的烟
smoke and fog                                                                                 烟和雾
smog                                                                                         烟雾
dust                                                                                                 粉尘
noise pollution                                                                                噪音污染
make too much noise                                                                         产生太多的噪音
make people deaf                                                                        使人变聋
make people upset                                                                        使人不安
make people frustrated                                                                        使人沮丧
cause hearing problems                                                                导致听力问题
water pollution                                                                                水污染
light pollution                                                                                 光污染
too many windows and shiny objects                                                 太多的窗户和闪闪发光的
东西
reflect light                                                                                 反射光
rays of light                                                                                 光线
light sources                                                                                 光源
a large population                                                                        大量的人口
the increasing population                                                                 不断增长的人口
the decreasing population                                                                 不断减少的人口
dangerous                                                                                        危险的
be in great danger                                                                         处在巨大的危险之中
harmful                                                                                         有害的
accidents take place                                                                        事故发生
acid rain                                                                                        酸雨
throw away used batteries                                                                丢弃用过的电池
recharge the batteries                                                                         给电池再次充电
need more freshwater                                                                        需要更多的淡水
litter everywhere                                                                                到处乱丢垃圾
from factories and cars                                                                 来自工厂和汽车
from chimneys                                                                          来自烟囱
get ill                                                                                         患病
get the flu                                                                                        得流感
have a sore throat                                                                         喉咙痛
have sore eyes                                                                                眼睛痛
have lung cancer                                                                         得肺癌
cause deadly disease                                                                         导致致命的疾病
die from cancer                                                                                 死于癌症

**
contaminate the environment                                                                污染环境
harm people’s health                                                                         损害人们的健康
lower the quality of life                                                                 降低生活质量
natural resources                                                                         自然资源
conservation of national elements                                                         自然物质的保护
become desert                                                                                 变成沙漠
affect humans by causing sore eyes                                                 通过引起眼疾来影响人类
deposit of waste                                                                                 废物沉积
chemical materials                                                                         化学物质
be released into water                                                                         被释放到水中
directly                                                                                         直接地
die off                                                                                        一个一个死去
safe environment                                                                                安全的环境
fresh air                                                                                        新鲜的空气
pollution fighters                                                                                污染斗士
breathe pure and cool air                                                                呼吸纯净和清凉的空气
provide enough oxygen for people                                                        给人类提供氧气
provide people with enough oxygen                                                给人类提供氧气
living things                                                                                活的生物
creature                                                                                         生物
be cruel to animals                                                                         对动物们残忍
be against cruelty                                                                         反对残忍虐待
kill animals for their skins                                                                 为了皮毛杀死动物
make us alive                                                                                使我们存活
water recycle                                                                                水的再利用
to recycle waste paper                                                                        重复利用废纸
cause the threats to our environment                                                 引起对环境的威胁
the greenhouse effect                                                                         温室效应
the ozone layer                                                                                 臭氧层
the protective layer                                                                         保护层
destruction of the rain forests                                                         对热带雨林的破坏
cause erosion of the soil                                                                导致土壤被腐蚀
cause damage to the atmosphere                                                         引起对大气的破坏
be essential to …                                                                                对…是必要的
carbon dioxide                                                                                 二氧化碳
global warming                                                                          全球变暖
indoor air pollution                                                                         室内空气污染
live uncomfortably                                                                         不舒服地生活
no longer live happily                                                                         不再愉快地生活
There is waste everywhere.                                                                 到处都是垃圾

***
red tides                                                                                         赤潮
do some projects on pollution                                                        做一些有关污染的项目
stop cutting down the forests                                                                停止砍伐森林
put litter into the litter bin                                                                把垃圾丢到垃圾箱里
the most serious kind of pollution                                                        最严重的污染
become angry more easily                                                                更容易生气
make rivers dirty                                                                                把河流变脏
make the water undrinkable                                                                 使水无法饮用
fight pollution                                                                                与污染做斗争
fight against pollution                                                                        与污染做斗争
make laws                                                                                        指定法令
take measures to do sth                                                                        采取措施做某事
obey the laws                                                                                遵守法令
breach the laws                                                                                 违背法令
destructive                                                                                        破坏性的
destruction                                                                                 破坏
environmental friendly                                                                 对环境有好处的
use a new kind of fuel                                                                        使用一种新的燃料
replace the old fuel                                                                        代替旧的燃料
take the place of the old fuel                                                                代替旧的燃料
use paper bags instead of plastic ones                                                用纸袋而不是塑料袋
keep old bottles for recycling                                                        把旧瓶子留着再循环
keep the environment clean                                                                保持环境清洁
use fossil fuels                                                                                 使用煤或石油燃料
be short of fuels                                                                                 缺乏燃料
die off                                                                                         一个接着一个地死去
become extinct                                                                                 灭绝
disappear                                                                                         消失
decay                                                                                         腐烂
no longer exist                                                                                 不再存在
provide shelters for us                                                                  给我们提供栖身之处
take the shelters of the animals                                                         夺走动物们的栖身之处
animals are our friends                                                                 动物是我们的朋友
to protect animals is to protect ourselves                                         保护动物就是保护我们自
己
people are one part of the nature                                                        人类是自然的一部分
make effective use of the natural elements                                        有效利用自然元素
have an effect on…                                                                        对…有效果
keep the balance of nature                                                                维持生态平衡
make our country more beautiful                                                        使我们的国家更加美丽
make the world a better place to live in                                                使我们的世界更适合居住
for the benefit of us as well as next generation                                 为了我们自己和后代的利
益

*基础篇
Noise Pollution

Do you think there is too much noise around us? There is noise in the classroom, in the street, and at the airport. It sounds noise is everywhere and it almost drives me mad.

Sound is necessary to us but too much noise is harmful to our health and we can’t keep calm because of noise pollution. However, some people still like to listen to rock music while they are working.

Not only the government is making new laws to fight pollution but also scientists are working hard to keep down noise. Why don’t you turn down your TV or recorder a little bit now?

Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        太多的噪音
b)        在我们的周围
c)        听起来似乎…
d)        让我发疯
e)        听摇滚音乐
f)        对…有害
g)        保持平静
h)        因为…
i)        政府
j)        制定法律
k)        与污染做斗争
l)        科学家们
m)        努力工作
n)        减少，控制
o)        关小一点

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        too much noise
b)        around us
c)        it sounds (that) …
d)        drive me mad
e)        listen to rock music
f)        be harmful to…
g)        keep calm
h)        because of…
i)        the government
j)        make laws
k)        fight pollution / fight against pollution
l)        scientists
m)        work hard
n)        keep down
o)        turn down a little bit

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        Where is noise?
b)        What does too much noise cause?
c)        If too much noise is not good, do all the people stop making noises?
d)        What is the government doing now?
e)        What are the scientists doing now?
f)        What should you do now?

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        Noise in the classroom, in the street, and at the airport.
b)        Too much noise is harmful to our health and we can’t keep calm because of noise pollution.
c)        No, they don’t. Because some people still like to listen to rock music while they are working.
d)        The government is making new laws to fight pollution.
e)        Scientists are working hard to keep down noise.
f)        We should turn down our TV or recorder a little bit now.

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic“The Sun”
Supporting Words and Phrases:

rise in the east
sets in the west
golden rays
wake up
bring warmth

The Sun

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. When it rises, comes the beginning of a day. It brings golden rays through our windows early every morning and wakes us up. It brings warmth and light to the earth and lets darkness be far away from us.

It also gives lives to all the living things on the earth. Every living thing will stop growing as soon as the sun stops shinning.

So the sun is the mother of the earth, as well as the mother of all the living things on the earth.  

参考译文：

太阳从东方升起，在西方落下。当它升起的时候，一天就开始了。每天早上它把金色的阳光带进我们的窗户，并把我们唤醒。它把温暖和光明带到地球，并让黑暗远离我们。

它也赋予了地球上所有的生物以生命。太阳一旦停止发光，每个生物都会停止生长。

所以太阳是地球的母亲，同样也是地球上所有生物的母亲。


** 优秀篇                                                       
Save the Earth

The earth is the home for all the people, animals and plants. People have lived on the earth for millions of years. Earth gives us the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. It also provides shelters for us. Many years ago, the earth was very clean. There were a lot of trees, plants, and flowers. Nowadays, there is air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

People are cutting down the forests. Many plants, wild animals, birds and insects used to live there. But now, they have no place to go. People are killing animals for food and skins. So many species of animals have been extinct. .

At the same time, people have never stopped polluting the soil, the water and the air. The soil is polluted, so trees don’t bear nice fruits. The water is polluted, so we can’t swim in rivers and streams. The air is polluted, so we have no fresh air to breathe and many unknown diseases appear.

If we still want to live happily on the earth, we should learn how to get on well with the earth first. Now the earth is in great danger, and we must work together to save the earth.

Task *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

Save the Earth

The earth is the home for                        a                        . People have lived on the earth                         b                . Earth gives us the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. It also                 c                        . Many years ago, the Earth was very clean. There were a lot of trees, plants, and flowers.                 d                        , there is air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

People                         e                . Many plants, wild animals, birds and insects used to live there. But now, they have no place to go. People                 f                         and skins. So many species of animals have been extinct. .

                g                        , people have never stopped polluting the soil, the water and the air. The soil is polluted, so trees don’t bear nice fruits.                 h                        , so we can’t swim in rivers and streams. The air is polluted,                 i                         and many unknown diseases appear.

If we still want to                 j                        , we should learn how to get on well with the earth first. Now the earth                 k                        , and we must work together to save the earth.

Key *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

a)        all the people, animals and plants
b)        for millions of years
c)        provides shelters for us
d)        Nowadays
e)        are cutting down the forests
f)        are killing animals for food
g)        At the same time
h)        The water is polluted
i)        so we have no fresh air to breathe
j)        live happily on the earth
k)        is in great danger

Task **
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

a)        所有人的家园
b)        好几百万年了
c)        我们呼吸的空气
d)        我们饮用的水
e)        我们吃的食物
f)        为我们提供栖身之处
g)        空气污染
h)        水污染
i)        土壤污染
j)        砍伐树木
k)        为了皮毛杀死动物
l)        无处可去
m)        很多种类的动物
n)        已经灭绝了
o)        同时
p)        结出好的果实
q)        在小溪中游泳
r)        新鲜的空气
s)        不为人知的疾病
t)        出现
u)        与…和睦相处
v)        处在危险之中

Key **
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

a)        the home for all people
b)        for millions of years
c)        the air we breathe
d)        the water we drink
e)        the food we eat
f)        provide shelters for us
g)        air pollution
h)        water pollution
i)        and soil pollution
j)        cut down trees
k)        kill animals for skins
l)        have no place to go
m)        many species of animals
n)        have been extinct
o)        at the same time
p)        bear nice fruits
q)        swim in streams
r)        fresh air
s)        unknown diseases
t)        appear
u)        get on well with…
v)        be in danger

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and translate the following sentences.  
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，翻译以下句子。

a)        人们在地球上已经生活了好几百万年了。
b)        地球给予了我们呼吸的空气，喝的水和吃的食物。
c)        它也提供给我们栖身之处。
d)        现在，有空气污染，水污染和土壤污染的存在。
e)        人们砍伐森林。
f)        人们为了食物和皮毛杀死动物。
g)        很多种类的动物绝种了。
h)        同时，人们从来就没有停止过污染土壤，水和空气。
i)        土壤被污染了，所以树结不出好的果实。
j)        空气被污染了，所以很多不为人知的疾病出现了。
k)        如果我们还想在地球上快乐地生活，我们首先应该学会如何和地球和睦相处。
l)        现在地球正处在非常危险的境地，我们必须一起努力来拯救地球。

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and translate the following sentences.  
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，翻译以下句子。)

a)        People have lived on the earth for millions of years.
b)        Earth gives us the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat.
c)        It also provides shelters for us.
d)        Nowadays, there is air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.
e)        People are cutting down the forests.
f)        People are killing animals for food and skins.
g)        Many species of animals have been extinct.
h)        At the same time, people have never stopped polluting the soil, the water and the air.
i)        The soil is polluted, so trees don’t bear nice fruits.
j)        The air is polluted, so many unknown diseases appear.
k)        If we still want to live happily on the earth, we should learn how to get on well with the earth first.
l)        Now the earth is in great danger, and we must work together to save the earth.

***拓展篇 （附参考译文）
A Polluted Environment
Environmental pollution is a serious global problem. It has been a terrible threat to men's lives.
The atmosphere is dirty. The air is thick with dust and burnt oil. Dark smoke comes from chimneys and vehicles. If you stay a little while in a big city, then wipe your forehead with your handkerchief, it will be black. If you air your cleaned clothes at the balcony, you will have to wash it again. Rubbish gives off bad smell and a great deal of chemical waste is poured into rivers, lakes and the sea, which kills millions of sea animals and also causes deadly diseases to human beings.
Additionally, some kinds of pollutions are invisible. Noises coming from cars, machines and broadcast may make a person nervous and cause mental diseases. Too much light from various kinds of windows and shiny surfaces make us dizzy and uncomfortable.
Environmental pollution is responsible for the damage to human beings as well as the destruction of the earth.
It is time for us to take good care of our environment and it is not only for ourselves, but also for our next generation.

参考译文；
一个被污染的环境
        环境污染是一个严重的全球问题。它已经对人类的生命构成了可怕的威胁。
        大气是肮脏的。空气因灰尘和燃烧的油料而滞重。黑烟来自烟囱和车辆。如果你在一个大城市里待一会儿，然后用手帕擦拭你的前额，手帕会变黑。如果你在阳台上晾晒清洗过的衣服，你就不得不再洗一遍。垃圾散发出臭气，大量的化学废品被倾倒入河流、湖泊和海洋，而不仅杀死了大量的海洋生物，也导致了人类的致命疾病。
        除此以外，一些污染是看不见的。来自车辆、机器和广播的噪音可能让人紧张，或者引起精神上的疾病。太多的光来自各式各样的窗子和闪亮的表面，让我们头晕目眩、不舒服。
        环境污染要对人类所受到的伤害负责，同时也要对地球的破坏负责。
        到了我们要好好照顾地球的时候了，而且这并不是仅仅为了我们自己，也是为了我们的下一代。
Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        环境污染
b)        一个全球问题
c)        一个对人类生命的威胁
d)        大气
e)        有灰尘和燃烧的汽油
f)        来自车辆
g)        擦拭你的前额
h)        晾晒衣服
i)        在阳台
j)        发出难闻的气味
k)        大量的化学废物
l)        被倾倒入河流
m)        致命的疾病
n)        人类
o)        此外
p)        看不见的
q)        让人紧张
r)        导致心理疾病
s)        各式各样的窗子
t)        发光的表面
u)        使我们头晕
v)        对…负责
w)        对人类的伤害
x)        对地球的破坏
y)        到了该做…的时间了
z)        好好照顾…
aa)        后代

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        environmental pollution
b)        a global problem
c)        a threat to men's lives
d)        the atmosphere
e)        with dust and burnt oil
f)        from vehicles
g)        wipe your forehead
h)        air clothes
i)        at the balcony
j)        give off bad smell
k)        a great deal of chemical waste
l)        be poured into rivers
m)        deadly diseases
n)        human beings
o)        Additionally
p)        Invisible
q)        make people nervous
r)        cause mental diseases
s)        various kinds of windows
t)        shiny surfaces
u)        make us dizzy
v)        be responsible for…
w)        the damage to human beings
x)        the destruction of the earth
y)        it is time to do…
z)        take good care of…
aa)        future generations

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        Why is environmental pollution a serious global problem?
b)        How is the air nowadays?
c)        Where does the smoke come from?
d)        If you air your clothes at the balcony, what will happen?
e)        What do people do with rubbish and waste?
f)        What problems does chemical waste cause?
g)        What kinds of pollutions are invisible?
h)        What problems do noises cause?
i)        What problems does too much light cause?
j)        What is environmental pollution responsible for?
k)        Why must we take good care of our environment now?


Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        Because it has been a terrible threat to men's lives.
b)        The air is thick with dust and burnt oil nowadays.
c)        The smoke comes from chimneys and vehicles
d)        If you air your cleaned clothes at the balcony, you will have to wash it again.
e)        People throw rubbish and let it gives off bad smell and people also pour a great deal of chemical waste into rivers, lakes and the sea.
f)        Chemical waste kills millions of sea animals and also causes deadly diseases to human beings?
g)        Noise pollution and light pollution are invisible.
h)        Noises make a person nervous and cause mental diseases.
i)        Too much light makes us dizzy and uncomfortable.
j)        Environmental pollution is responsible for the damage to human beings as well as the destruction of the earth.
k)        Because it is not only for ourselves, but also for our next generation.

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic “How to Deal With the Rubbish”.
（用以下的词汇和短语，就此话题写作）

Supporting Words and Phrases:
throw away                                                                                                丢弃
create massive mountains of rubbish                                                 造成巨大的垃圾山
dump rubbish into rivers                                                                   把垃圾倾倒入河流
a huge landfill                                                                                         一个大垃圾堆
garbage classification                                                                         垃圾分类
find out the solution to the problem                                                 找出问题的解决方法

How To Deal With the Rubbish

Too much rubbish has been a global problem. People are encouraged to buy new things and throw away the old things. Many people have the habit of using things once and then throwing them away. This has created massive mountains of rubbish. Some people even dump rubbish into rivers or burn it directly.  

We must find out the solution to the problem, or our earth will be a huge landfill. As students, we should understand the importance of garbage classification, including ordinary garbage, recyclable garbage and kitchen waste. And we should not throw away the things we don’t want. Instead, we should collect them for the poor or the people who really need them.

I think we are able to make the world cleaner if we all deal with the rubbish carefully.

参考译文：

如何处理垃圾

太多的垃圾已经成为了一个全球问题。人们被鼓励要买新的东西，丢弃旧的东西。很多人习惯把东西用了一次，就把它们丢掉。这已经产生了巨大的垃圾山。有些人甚至把垃圾倾倒至河流里，或者直接把它烧掉。

我们必须找到问题的解决方法，否则我们的地球就会成为一个大的垃圾堆。作为学生，我们应该明白垃圾分类的重要性，包括平常的垃圾，可循环利用的垃圾和厨房废弃物。而且我们不应该丢弃我们不需要的东西。相反，我们应该把它们收集起来，交给穷人或者真正需要它们的人。

        我认为如果我们都能够小心谨慎地处理垃圾，我们能够让这个世界更加干净。.

3. 健 康
Words and expressions for your reference:
*
keep healthy                                                                                                保持健康
be in good health                                                                                         身体健康
unhealthy                                                                                                         不健康的
health is very important                                                                                健康非常重要
the importance of health                                                                                健康的重要性
eat healthily                                                                                                饮食健康
have a bad cold                                                                                                得了重感冒
have a stomach-ache                                                                                        胃痛
have toothache                                                                                                牙痛
have a sore throat                                                                                        嗓子痛
have a headache                                                                                                头痛
have a fever                                                                                                 发烧
have the flu                                                                                                得了流感
at the clinic                                                                                                        在诊所
in the hospital                                                                                                在医院
a ward                                                                                                         一间病房
ER (emergency)                                                                                         急症室
a surgeon                                                                                                         一位外科医生
a physician                                                                                                 一位内科医生
bird flu                                                                                                        禽流感
SARS                                                                                                        非典型性肺炎
cough a lot                                                                                                        常常咳嗽
give up smoking                                                                                                戒烟
used to eat a lot of meat                                                                                过去吃很多肉
eat less meat now                                                                                        现在少吃肉
don’t eat meat any longer                                                                                 再也不吃肉了
too much fat                                                                                                太多脂肪
high in fat                                                                                                        脂肪含量高
low in fat                                                                                                        脂肪含量低
do some sports three times a day                                                                        每日做三次运动
heal the wound                                                                                                 治愈好这个伤处
take sleeping pills                                                                                         吃安眠药
put the lotion on the skin                                                                                 在皮肤上涂上这个药剂
a capsule                                                                                                         一颗胶囊
a tablet                                                                                                         一片药片
cough syrup                                                                                                 咳嗽糖浆
mental diseases                                                                                                 心理上的疾病
under great pressure                                                                                         处在很大的压力之下
too much stress                                                                                                 太多的压力
depressed                                                                                                         沮丧的
depression                                                                                                 忧郁症
physical diseases                                                                                         身体上的疾病
treat sb patiently                                                                                         耐心地治疗某人
recover soon                                                                                                很快痊愈
get recovery                                                                                                 获得痊愈
get well soon                                                                                                很快痊愈

**
health care                                                                                                 保健
health insurance                                                                                         健康险
medical care                                                                                                 医保
have a running nose                                                                                        不断流鼻涕
take a good rest                                                                                                好好休息
ask for leave                                                                                                请假
drink more hot water                                                                                        多喝热水
feel dizzy                                                                                                        感到头晕
look very weak                                                                                                看起来很虚弱
look pale                                                                                                         看起来苍白
operate on sb                                                                                                给某人动手术
do an operation on sb                                                                                        给某人动手术
go on a diet                                                                                                节食
be on a diet                                                                                                 正在节食
cure the disease                                                                                                治愈这个疾病
feel painful                                                                                                 感到疼痛
a drug store                                                                                                一个药店
the doctor’s treatment                                                                                        这位医生的治疗
a chemist                                                                                                        一位药剂师
a chemical student                                                                                        一位医学院学生
a chemical school                                                                                         一个医学院
have a high temperature                                                                                发高烧
take your temperature                                                                                        测量你的体温
go to see a doctor                                                                                        去看医生
send for a doctor                                                                                                去叫医生来
go to see a dentist                                                                                        去看牙医
take an injection                                                                                                打针
blood                                                                                                                血液
bleed         bled, bled）                                                                                流血
have a blood transfusion                                                                                 接受输血
infection                                                                                                         传染病
become a couch potato                                                                                  成为一个沙发土豆
（指长期坐着不动的人
sleeping pills                                                                                                安眠药
a sick person                                                                                                一位病人
a patient                                                                                                         一位病人
pass away                                                                                                         去世
the disabled                                                                                                 残障的人
a lack of calcium                                                                                         缺钙

***
virus                                                                                                                病毒
bacteria                                                                                                         细菌
relieve your pain                                                                                                减轻你的疼痛
deadly disease                                                                                                致命的疾病
lung cancer                                                                                                        肺癌
heart trouble                                                                                                心脏病
a tumor                                                                                                         一个肿瘤
heart attack                                                                                                        心脏病发
die of …                                                                                                        死于…
take some medicine                                                                                        服用一些药
an outpatient                                                                                                 一位门诊病人
feel sick in a car                                                                                                晕车
faint                                                                                                                 昏倒
lose weight                                                                                                        减肥
overweight                                                                                                 超重的
a balanced diet                                                                                                 一种平衡的饮食
healthy eating habits                                                                                         健康的饮食习惯
a little bit plump                                                                                                有些丰满
high blood pressure                                                                                         高血压
shortsighted                                                                                                近视的
diagnose the illness as cancer                                                                        把这个疾病诊断为癌症
What’s wrong with you?                                                                                 你哪里不舒服？
(What’s the matter with you?)
advise sb to do sth                                                                                         建议某人去做某事
take the advice                                                                                                 接受这个建议
suggest sb doing sth                                                                                        建议某人去做某事
There is nothing serious.                                                                                没有什么关系。
take it easy                                                                                                        别紧张
lie in bed for 2 weeks                                                                                        卧床两周
the World Health Organization （WHO）                                                        世界卫生组织
A disease known is half cured.                                                                         病情确诊断，治病好一半。
Health is the most important of all.                                                                 健康是最重要的。
Good health is the best wealth.                                                                        健康是最好的财富。
You are what you eat.                                                                                        饮食构建你的身体。
An apple a day keeps doctors away.                                                                每天一个苹果，让疾病远离你。
Without health, no pleasure can be tasted by man.                                                 人无健康，便无快乐。
Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.       
早睡，早起，富裕，聪明，身体好。
After dinner sit a while; after supper walk a mile.                                                 午餐之后坐片刻，晚饭之后走一里
Health and wealth create beauty.                                                                         健康和财富能创造美丽。
Laugh and grow fat.                                                                                         心宽体胖。
It is not work that kills, but worry.                                                                 消耗我们生命的不是工作，而是忧虑。
Diet cures more than doctors.                                                                         自己饮食有节，胜过上门求医。
Medicines are not meant to live on.                                                                 药物可以治病，但是不可以当饭来吃。
By the side of sickness health becomes sweet.                                                 不生病，不知道健康的快乐。
A full belly neither fights nor flies well.                                                         肚子太饱，不能够打仗，也没法逃跑。

*基础篇
How to Keep Healthy?

It is important for us to keep healthy. No one can study or work well without a healthy body. There are many ways to help you stay healthy.

First of all, we should keep doing exercise every day. We can walk instead of taking a bus or a car. At break time, we can go to the playground and play with our classmates for a while. In
P.E lessons, we should take an active part in all activities.

        Secondly, we should have a balanced diet. We shouldn’t eat too much sweet or fat. I think an apple a day is a good idea and it will help us stay slim and strong.

        Finally, we must remember that early to bed and early to rise is the way to keep healthy, wealthy and wise.”

Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        对某人来说做某事是很重要的
b)        帮助你保持健康
c)        首先
d)        其次
e)        最后
f)        保持每日锻炼
g)        片刻，暂时
h)        积极参加
i)        平衡的饮食
j)        早睡，早起
k)        富裕的
l)        明智的

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        it is important for sb to do sth
b)        help you stay healthy
c)        first of all
d)        second
e)        finally
f)        keep doing exercises every day
g)        for a while
h)        take an active part in
i)        a balanced diet
j)        early to bed and early to rise
k)        wealthy
l)        wise.
       
Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to finish the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        If you don’t have a healthy body, what will happen?
b)        First of all, what should we do?
c)        At break time, how can we take exercise?
d)        In PE lessons, what should we do?
e)        What kind of diet should we have?
f)        Why it is good to have an apple every day?
g)        What is the way to keep healthy, wealthy and wise?

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to finish the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        You can’t study or work well without a healthy body.
b)         First of all, we should keep doing exercise every day.
c)         At break time, we can go to the playground and play with our classmates for a while.
d)         In P.E lessons, we should take an active part in all activities.
e)         We should have a balanced diet, which is low in sweet and fat.
f)         Because apples can help us stay slim and strong.
g)         Early to bed and early to rise is the way to keep healthy, wealthy and wise.

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic “Fat Is Good or Not?”
Supporting Words and Phrases:
high in fat
cause some serious disease
die of …
sound terrible
avoid
blame A on B                                                                                                  把A归咎于B
bring us energy, make us alive, think twice                                                  重新考虑

Fat Is Good or Not?

        Nowadays, people are afraid of fat. Doctors tell us that fat can cause some serious disease, such as heart trouble and millions of people die of it every year. It sounds so terrible that people try to avoid the food high in fat and consider fat as a killer.

        But I think we should not blame fat, because fat comes through our mouths. While people are enjoying the taste of fried chicken and sweet cakes, they always forget fat. In the past, there wasn’t enough food for everyone and people thought fat was the best thing.

        So I think fat is good, because it can bring us energy and makes us alive. But too much fat is not good, so we should think twice before we swallow the last piece of cake.

参考译文：

脂肪是有益还是有害

现今，人们都害怕脂肪。医生告诉我们，脂肪会导致一些严重的疾病，比如说心脏病，而且每年有成百万的人死于心脏病。这听起来很可怕，所以人们试图避免高脂肪食物，还把脂肪视为杀手。

但是我认为我们不应该谴责脂肪，因为脂肪是通过我们的嘴巴进入体内的。当人们在享受炸鸡和甜美蛋糕的滋味时，他们总是忘记了脂肪的存在。而在过去没有足够的食物供给每一个人的时候，人们认为脂肪是最好的东西。

所以我认为脂肪是有益的，因为它可以带给我们能量并使得我们存活下来。但是太多的脂肪是不利的，所以在吞下最后一块蛋糕之前，我们应该重新考虑一下。

**优秀篇

Do I Need to Lose Weight?
Dear Mother,

“Am I fat? Will I be prettier, if I am several pounds lighter? ” When I stand in front of the mirror, I always ask myself the question. It seems that the world is filled with slim beauties. At school, many of my girl friends go on a diet and they eat like cats at lunchtime. Every time I eat up the food in my plate, they will laugh at me and it makes me feel guilty. I dare not to have red meat or sweet snacks at school, although I like them so much.  

        I may be a little bit plump, but I don’t think I am as fat as they think. You know I am good at sports and I feel healthy. You always tell me that I look good. But my friends don’t think so and they call me “big potato”. I am really worried about it. Mum, should I do something to shape myself?

        Best wishes
       
Yours lovely

Daughter
                                                                                  
Task *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

Do I Need to Lose Weight?
Dear Mother,

“Am I fat? “. “Will I be      a             , if I am several pounds     b    ? “ When I stand
    c     the mirror, I always ask    d     the question. It     e      that the world is filled with     f      beauties. At school, many of my girl friends go on a     g      and they eat like cats at    h      . Every time I eat     i      the food in my plate, they will laugh    j       me and it makes me feel     k     . I dare not to have red meat or sweet           at school, although I like them so much.  

        I may be a little     l      plump, but I don’t think I am as fat     m      they think. You know I am good    n       sports and I feel    o      . You always tell me that I           good. But my friends don’t think     p      and they call me “big potato”. I am really worried           it. Mum, should I do something to shape     q     ?

Key *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

a)        prettier
b)        lighter
c)        in front of
d)        myself
e)        seems
f)        slim
g)        diet
h)        lunchtime
i)        up
j)        at
k)        guilty
l)        bit
m)        as
n)        at
o)        good
p)        so
q)        myself

Task **
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        需要减肥
b)        瘦掉好几磅
c)        看起来似乎…
d)        苗条的美女
e)        结食
f)        像猫一样吃东西
g)        吃光盘子里的东西
h)        嘲笑我
i)        感到有罪
j)        不敢做某事
k)        红肉
l)        有一点丰满
m)        擅长运动
n)        对…担忧
o)        塑造自己的形体

Key ** Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        need to lose weight
b)        be several pounds lighter
c)        It seems that…
d)        slim beautifies
e)        go on a diet
f)        eat like cats
g)        eat up the food in my plate
h)        laugh at me
i)        feel guilty
j)        dare not to do sty
k)        red meat
l)        a little bit plump
m)        be good at sports
n)        be worried about sty
o)        Shape myself?

Task ***
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to finish the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        According to the writer, how can she become prettier?
b)        What seems to be popular nowadays?
c)        What do the writer’s girl friends do at lunchtime?
d)        What does the writer do then?
e)        How does the writer feel when her friends laugh at her?
f)        What does the writer dare not to do?
g)        What does the writer think of herself?
h)        What does the writer plan to do?

Key ***
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to finish the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        She thinks if she is several pounds lighter, she will be prettier.
b)        Slim beauties seem to be popular nowadays.
c)        They go on a diet and eat like cats at lunchtime.
d)        The writer eats up the food in her plate.
e)        She feels guilty when her friends laugh at her.
f)        She dares not to have red meat or sweet snacks at school.
g)        She thinks that she may be a little bit plump but she is in good health.
h)        She plans to shape herself.

***拓展篇 （附参考译文）
The Importance of Health

Everybody wants to have health. In the busy world, it is especially important to keep healthy. Because with good health, people can do work with full confidence and then their progress in work bring them health and happiness. On the other hand, a sick person is usually not interested in anything around him and therefore he will lose many opportunities to become successful.

There are many ways to keep fit. First, those who work around the clock should find time to relax themselves because too much stress will affect their health seriously. Secondly, they need enough sleep because it will help them keep energetic and refreshed. Finally, physical exercise is necessary to everyone. No matter how busy you are, you should spare some time do have sports.  If you have no opportunity to go to the gym, you can walk to school or office instead of taking a bus. You can walk upstairs instead of taking a lift. Or you can walk your dog in the park instead of watching TV and becoming a couch potato.

        I hope all my friends will keep in mind the importance of health.

参考译文：

健康的重要性

        每个人都想拥有健康。在这个繁忙的世界上，保持健康尤其重要。因为有了健康，人们可以满怀信心地去工作，他们在工作中的进步也带给他们健康和快乐。从另外一个方面来说，一个生病的人通常对他身边的东西不感兴趣，因此，他会失去很多获得成功的机会。

        有很多方式来保持健康。首先，那些夜以继日的工作的人应该找时间来自我放松，因为太多的压力会严重影响他们的健康。第二，他们需要足够的睡眠，因为睡眠能够帮助他们保持精力充沛、精神振作。最后，体育锻炼对每个人都是重要的。无论你有多忙，你也应该挤出时间来做运动。如果你没有机会去体操馆，你可以步行去学校或者办公室，而不是坐公交车去。你可以走上楼，而不是坐电梯。或者你可以到公园里溜狗，而不是看电视变成一个沙发土豆。

        我希望我所有的朋友都能够牢记健康的重要性。

Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        保持健康尤其重要
b)        充满信心
c)        带给他们健康和快乐
d)        另一方面
e)        对…感兴趣
f)        因此
g)        失去很多机会
h)        保持健康的方法
i)        夜以继日地工作
j)        太多的压力
k)        严重影响
l)        精力充沛的
m)        精神振奋的
n)        体育锻炼
o)        无论怎样
p)        抽出时间做某事
q)        没关系
r)        代替…
s)        溜狗
t)        沙发土豆

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        it is especially important to keep healthy
b)        with full confidence
c)        bring them health and happiness
d)        on the other hand
e)        be interested in sth
f)        therefore
g)        lose many opportunities
h)        ways to keep fit
i)        work around the clock
j)        too much stress
k)        affect… seriously
l)        energetic
m)        refreshed
n)        physical exercise
o)        No matter how
p)        spare time to do sth
q)        it doesn’t matter
r)        instead of …
s)        walk the dog
t)        a couch potato

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to finish the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        Why is it important to have health?
b)        How is a sick person?
c)        Why is relaxation so important?
d)        What kind of people needs relaxation most?
e)        Why is sleep so important?
f)        How can we get enough exercises?
g)        What does the writer hope?

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to finish the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        Because with good health, people can do work with full confidence and then their progress in
work bring them health and happiness.
b)        A sick person is usually not interested in anything around him and therefore he will lose many
opportunities to become successful.
c)        Because too much stress will affect their health seriously.
d)        Those who work around the clock need relaxation most.
e)        Because sleep helps us keep energetic and refreshed.
f)        We can take every opportunity to exercise ourselves.
g)        The writer hopes that all his / her friends will keep in mind the importance of health.

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic“ A Healthy Mind”
（用以下的词汇和短语，就此话题写作）
Supporting Words and Phrases:
mental health                                                                                         心理健康
physical health                                                                                         身体健康
get depressed                                                                                         变得忧虑
keep in good mood                                                                                 保持好的情绪
optimistic                                                                                                 乐观的
pessimistic                                                                                         悲观的
nervous                                                                                                  紧张的
forgive                                                                                                 原谅，宽恕


A Healthy Mind
It is said that most of us has experienced mental health problems. If you always feel depressed, get angry easily or become nervous all the time, you may have some problems in your mind.
Mental problems do harm to us as badly as physical problems do. Then how to have mental health and keep in good mood?

First, we should be optimistic and think of the good parts of things.

Second, it is important to forgive others and forgive yourself. We learn from the lessons and unpleasant things, but don’t remember the bad mood they bring you.

Third, show your love to others. If you let others know that you love them, they you show you that they love you too. Then you will live in love and feel happy all the time.

Don’t be pessimistic or get depressed. Treat your mind with happy things and it will stay health and pleasant.

参考译文：
一个健康的头脑

据说我们中的绝大部分人都曾遇到过心理健康的问题。如果你总是感到沮丧，易怒，或者一直很紧张，你的头脑里可能就有一些问题了。

心理问题和生理上的问题一样对我们有害。那么如何拥有心理健康并保持好的情绪呢？

首先，我们应该乐观并想想事情好的方面。

其次，宽恕他人也宽恕你自己是很重要的。我们从教训和不愉快的事情中学习，但是不要去记它们带给你的坏情绪。

第三，向他人显示你的爱。如果你让他人知道你是爱他们的，他们也会向你表示他们是爱你的。那么你就能生活在爱意中，一直感到很高兴。

不要悲观或者沮丧。用让人愉悦的事情来对待你的头脑，它就会保持健康和愉快的。.

4.. 朋 友

朋友是我们人生旅途中不可或缺的一部分。朋友见证我们的喜怒哀乐，陪伴我们度过生命中的风风雨雨。所以描写我们的朋友，可以从他们的外表，性格特征着手，也要侧重与描述朋友之间发生的事情，和朋友之间的感情。外表，性格特征可以采取一般现在时，对过去的事情描述用一般过去式，过去进行式或者过去完成式。

怎样的人是我的好朋友呢？下面这首歌可以给我们一些提示，也可以在英语表达上给我们很多建议。

Best Friend

Someone I can talk to
Someone I can trust.
Someone who will be there when my relationships rust.
Someone who will save me when everything goes wrong.
Someone who will comfort me and help me to be strong.
Someone who listens at any time of a day.
Someone who will brighten any sky that's gray.
Someone who will always want to be my friend.
Someone who will fight for me until the bitter end.
Someone who will cry with me whenever I am sad.
Someone who will laugh with me whenever I am glad.
Someone who will understand my every weird emotion.
Someone who will always be at my side with their devotion.
Someone who will always think of me before themselves.
Someone who will care for me and put their own worries on to shelves.
Someone who will always let me act like the true me.
Someone who will always be just like I want to be
Someone who will always remain incredibly beautiful and true.
Someone who is my best friend.
Someone just like you.

参考译文：
最好的朋友
是我可以倾诉的人
是我可以信赖的人
是我的亲人离开了，而依旧在身边的人
是当所有的事情搞砸了，来拯救我的人
是安慰我并帮助我变得坚强的人
是任何时间都倾听我的人
是能让灰色的天空变得明亮的人
是总想成为我的朋友的人
是为了我战斗到底的人
是任何我悲伤的时候，与我一起哭泣的人
是任何我快乐的时候，与我一起欢笑的人
是明白我所有奇怪情绪的人
是始终忠诚地站在我一边的人
是先考虑我再考虑自己的人
是先为关心我，然后再想自己的人
是让我做回自己的人
是总是如我所愿的人
是总能保持让人难以置信的美丽和真实的人
是我最好的朋友
正是如你一样的人

It is not only a best friend, but also a perfect friend. But in you life, if you are lucky enough, you will find a friend like it. If you are luckier, you will be a friend like it.

这不仅是一位好朋友，而且是一位完美的朋友。但是在你的生活中，如果你足够幸运，你会找到一个像这样的朋友。如果你更加幸运一些，你会成为一个这样的朋友。

Words and expressions for your reference:

外貌：appearance
*
tall                                                                                                                高的
short                                                                                                                矮的
old                                                                                                                 老的
young                                                                                                         年青的
fat                                                                                                                肥胖的
thin                                                                                                                瘦的
heavy                                                                                                        重的
slim                                                                                                                苗条的
strong                                                                                                        强壮的
weak                                                                                                                虚弱的
beautiful                                                                                                        美丽的
ugly                                                                                                                丑陋的
pretty                                                                                                                漂亮的
handsome                                                                                                        英俊的
lovely                                                                                                        可爱的
have long hair                                                                                                留长发
curly hair                                                                                                    卷发
straight hair                                                                                                直发
blond hair                                                                                                        金发
have a moustache                                                                                        留胡子（嘴唇上的胡子）
have a beard                                                                                                留胡子（下颚、两颊的胡子）
have glasses                                                                                                带眼镜
have a pony tail                                                                                                 留着马尾辫
freckle                                                                                                         雀斑
dimple                                                                                                         酒窝
oval face                                                                                                         鸭蛋脸
pointed ears                                                                                                 尖耳朵
round chin                                                                                                 圆圆的下巴
red cheeks                                                                                                 红红的脸颊

**
a girl with fair hair                                                                                        一个金发女孩
a girl in blue jeans                                                                                        一个穿蓝色牛仔裤的女孩
look tall and thin                                                                                                看上去又高又瘦
look very healthy                                                                                                看起来很健康
a man of about forty                                                                                        一个大约40岁的 男人
a man in his forties                                                                                        一个40几岁的男人
look like a foreigner                                                                                        看起来象一个外国人
overweight                                                                                                 胖的
tubby                                                                                                         矮胖的
well-rounded                                                                                                丰满的，匀称的
medium height                                                                                                 中等身高的
skinny                                                                                                         骨瘦如柴的
well-built                                                                                                         体格健美的

***
muscular                                                                                                        强壮的
baby fat                                                                                                         婴儿肥
plain                                                                                                         长的一般的
homely                                                                                                         难看的
smartly dressed                                                                                                 穿着得体的
poorly dressed                                                                                                 穿着糟糕的       
well dressed                                                                                                 穿着漂亮的
neatly dressed                                                                                                 穿着干净整洁的
a medium-sized man                                                                                         一个中等身材的男人
a Roman nose                                                                                                一个鹰钩鼻
an ordinary-looking girl                                                                                     一个长相平凡的女孩
a good- looking man                                                                                           一位漂亮的男子
with an attractive smile on his face                                                                   在他的脸上带着吸引人的微
笑
always with a smiling face                                                                                 总是带着一个笑脸
A fair face may hide a foul heart.                                                                         一个漂亮的面孔下也许藏
着一个颗丑陋的心
Don’t judge a book by its cover.                                                                         人不可貌相。

个性 Personality
*
friendly                                                                                                        友好的
kind                                                                                                                善良的
honest                                                                                                        诚实的
dishonest                                                                                                        不诚实的
hardworking                                                                                                勤奋的
brave                                                                                                                勇敢的
frank                                                                                                                坦白的
stingy                                                                                                        吝啬的，小气的
greedy                                                                                                        贪心的
timid                                                                                                                胆小的
shy                                                                                                                害羞的
quiet                                                                                                                文静的
open –minded                                                                                                开明的
serious                                                                                                        严肃的
clever                                                                                                        机灵的
smart                                                                                                                聪敏的
intelligent                                                                                                        高智商的
pleasant                                                                                                        让人愉悦的
careful                                                                                                        小心谨慎的
careless                                                                                                        马虎的
carefree                                                                                                        无忧无虑的
cruel                                                                                                         残忍的
decisive                                                                                                         决断的
independent                                                                                                 独立的
humorous                                                                                                         幽默的

**
character                                                                                                         性格
be anxious to help others                                                                                乐于助人的
modest                                                                                                         谦虚的
conceited                                                                                                         自大的
strong –minded                                                                                                意志坚强的
lazy                                                                                                                 懒惰的
hard working                                                                                                 勤奋的
efficient                                                                                                         办事高效率的
effective                                                                                                         有效率的
forgetful                                                                                                     健忘的
reliable                                                                                                         可靠的
traditional                                                                                                         思想保守的，传统的
punctual                                                                                                     守时的
never tell a lie                                                                                                从不说谎
be confident in oneself                                                                                        对自己有信心的
with a smile on one’s face                                                                                脸上带着一抹微笑
a polite boy                                                                                                一个有礼貌的男孩
an impolite boy                                                                                                一个没有礼貌的男孩
a thoughtless person                                                                                        一个大意的人
be popular among the students                                                                        在学生中间受欢迎
be born with a good personality                                                                        天生好个性

***
reserved                                                                                                         矜持的
optimistic                                                                                                         乐观的
pessimistic                                                                                                        悲观的
hospitable                                                                                                        好客的
fashionable                                                                                                        时髦的
proud                                                                                                                骄傲的
elegant                                                                                                        优雅的
enthusiastic                                                                                                热情的
aggressive                                                                                                 有闯劲的
generous                                                                                                        大方的
patient                                                                                                        有耐心的
impatient                                                                                                        没有耐心的
naughty                                                                                                        淘气的
easy –going                                                                                                随和的
ambitious                                                                                                        有雄心的
quite-witted                                                                                                思维敏捷的
sensible                                                                                                        敏感的
sensitive                                                                                                        明智的
sophisticated                                                                                                心智成熟的
arrogant                                                                                                        狂妄的
be born in 2004                                                                                                生于2004年
be slow to do sth                                                                                                做某事很慢
A faithful friend is hard to find.                                                                         益友难得。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.                                                                 患难朋友才是真朋友。
A friend without faults will never be found.                                                         没有缺点的朋友是永远找
不到的。

* 基础篇
My Good Friend
I have a good friend. Her Chinese name is Li Ling, and Susan is her English name.

Li Ling is from Shanghai. She is fifteen years old. She studies in No. 8 Middle School.
She is in Class Two, Grade Three. She is good at Math and English. She likes singing and playing volleyball very much. And she sings quite well. She likes watching TV too. She is very kind and friendly. She studies very hard and always likes helping others.

What a perfect girl she is! We all like her.
       
Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        一位好朋友
b)        英文名字
c)        来自上海
d)        第八中学
e)        三年级二班
f)        擅长数学
g)        喜欢打排球
h)        唱得很好
i)        非常友好
j)        学习努力
k)        助人为乐
l)        一个完美的女孩

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        a good friend
b)        English name
c)        be from Shanghai, came from Shanghai
d)        No. 8 Middle School
e)        Class Two, Grade Three
f)        be good at Math
g)        like playing volleyball
h)        sing well
i)        very friendly
j)        study hard
k)        like helping others
l)        a perfect girl

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        她来自上海。
b)        她在三年级二班。
c)        她擅长数学和英语。
d)        她非常喜欢打篮球。
e)        她唱歌很棒。
f)        她很善良友好。
g)        她努力学习。
h)        她助人为乐。
i)        她是一个多么完美的女孩啊！

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        She is from Shanghai/She comes from Shanghai.
b)        She is in Class Two, Grade Three.
c)        She is good at Math and English.
d)        She likes playing volleyball very much.
e)        She sings quite well
f)        She is very kind and friendly.
g)        She studies very hard.
h)        She always likes helping others.
i)        What a perfect girl she is!

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic” My Best Friend and Me”
（用以下的词汇和短语，就此话题写作）
Supporting Words and Phrases:
different from each other
quiet and shy
get angry easily
have common in hobby
feel good to be together
care about each other
share the secrets and experiences

Suggestions:
在通常的考试中，英语短文的要求字数有限，所以人物描写通常从外貌、性格着手，再深入到言行、神态和心理活动。建议在用具体事例来描述人物性格，这样更有说服力，不会显得空洞。但是在采用具体事例的时候，一定要注意时态的转换。通常，人物的外貌和性格描述用一般现在式表示普遍的状态。但是如果描述以前发生过的事情或者状态，常采用过去时态。

Key***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic” My Best Friend and Me”
（用以下的词汇和短语，就此话题写作）

My Best Friend and Me
I met Lily when I was in the Primary School. People say that children make friends just for playing. I don’t think so because we have been friends for more than 8 years.
We are quite different form each other. She is quiet and shy but I am the person who gets angry easily. We even don’t have any common in hobby. I like outdoor activities but she prefers to stay at home. Though we are quite different, we feel good to be together and we really care about each other. We share all the secrets and experiences in life and grow up together.  
She is just like my sister, or more than my sister.

参考译文：
我和我最好的朋友

当我在小学的时候，我就遇到了莉莉。人们说孩子们交朋友就是为了玩耍。我不这么认为，因为我们已经成为朋友8年多了。

        我们彼此非常不同。她很恬静，害羞，但是我是一个容易发脾气的人。我们甚至在爱好上也没有任何的相同之处。我喜欢室外活动，但是她喜欢待在家里。虽然我们非常不一样，但是我们在一起的感觉很好，而且我们真诚地关心对方。我们分享生活中所有的秘密和体验，一起成长。

        她就好像我的姐妹一般，甚至比姐妹还亲。

**优秀篇
Einstein

Einstein is one of the greatest scientists in the world. He was born in 1879 in Germany. As a child, he was slow to talk and was not considered a smart boy at first. But when he was fourteen years old, be became clever. He taught himself Math from textbooks. He studied hard because he wanted to be a physicist.

He went on with his study at the University and later proved that he was a genius by putting forward his famous Theory of Relatively.

Later, Einstein went to America to work in a university and he never came back to Germany from then on.

Task *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

Einstein is one of                         a                 in the world. He was born in 1879 in Germany. As a child, he was                         b                 and was not considered a smart boy at first. But when he was fourteen years old, be became clever. He                         c                  from textbooks. He studied hard because he wanted                         d                  a physicist.

He                         e                  at the University and later proved that he was a genius by                         f                  his famous Theory of Relatively.

Later, Einstein went to America to work in a university and he                         g                  Germany from then on.

Key *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)
a)        the greatest scientists
b)        slow to talk
c)        taught himself Math
d)        to be
e)        went on with his study
f)        putting forward
g)        never came back to

Task **
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        最伟大的科学家之一
b)        出身于某年
c)        作为一个孩子
d)        做…很慢
e)        被认为是一个聪明的孩子
f)        自学数学
g)        继续学业
h)        证明
i)        一个天才
j)        提出…
k)        相对论
l)        回来

Key ** Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        one of the greatest scientists
b)        be born in …
c)        as a child
d)        be slow to be sth
e)        be considered a smart child
f)        teach oneself Math
g)        go on with study
h)        prove
i)        a genius
j)        put forward
k)        Theory of Relatively
l)        come back

Task ***
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and translate the following sentences.  
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，翻译以下句子。)

a)        他是世界上最伟大的科学家之一。
b)        他出生于1879年3月14日。
c)        他没有被认为是一个聪明的男孩。
d)        他从教科书上自学数学。
e)        他努力学习因为他想成为一名物理学家。
f)        他在大学里继续他的研究。
g)        他通过提出相对论证明了自己是一个天才。
h)        从那时起，他再也没有回过德国。


Key ***
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and translate the following sentences.  
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，翻译以下句子。)

a)        He is one of the greatest scientists in the world.
b)        He was born on March 14th, 1879.
c)        He was not considered a smart boy
d)        He taught himself Math from textbooks
e)        He studied hard because he wanted to be a physicist.
f)        He went on with his study at the University.
g)        He proved that he was a genius by putting forward his famous Theory of Relatively.
h)        He never came back to Germany from then on.

***拓展篇
（附参考译文）
The Dragon of China – Yao Ming
When Yao Ming was a little boy in the kindergarten, he was so tall that he had to buy the adult ticket when he got on a bus. When he came into a primary school, he was taller than his teacher. Both Yao's parents were famous basketball stars in China in the 1970s, and it is no wonder that he was born to be a great basketball player.
He got the talent of a basketball player as well as the height from his parents. He picked up the basketball at the age of nine and from then on he devoted himself to playing basketball. Nine years later, Yao joined the China's national team and then played in the 1999 Asian Cup and the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games.
Short after the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, he became a member of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the United States. As a Chinese, it is not easy to be accepted by Americans, but he attracted them with his talent and personality. He always answers the questions patiently and uses his excellent performances to respond to the comment against him. He is not the man with a lot of words, but the man with attractive personality.
参考译文：
中国龙—姚明
当姚明还是一个幼儿园的小孩时，他的身高就很高了，以至于上公交车时要买成人票。当他进小学的时候，就比老师都高了。他的父母亲都是中国20世纪70年代著名的篮球明星，勿庸置疑地，他生来就会成为一个伟大的篮球运动员。
他从父母亲那里继承来的不仅是身高，还有一位篮球运动员的天赋。在九岁的时候，他拿起了球，从那时起，他就开始致力于打篮球了。九年之后，姚明加入了国家队，然后参加了1999年的亚洲杯和2000年的悉尼奥运会。
在2000年悉尼奥运会后不久，他成为了美国NBA的一员。作为一个中国人，要被美国人接受可不容易，但是他凭借他的天赋和个性吸引了美国人。他总是很耐心地回答问题，并用他优异的表现来回应对他不利的评论。他不是喜欢说话的人，但是他是一位有着迷人性格的人。
Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        在幼儿园
b)        买成人票
c)        比他的老师高
d)        难怪
e)        生来就会成为…
f)        在二十世纪70年代
g)        篮球运动员的天赋
h)        致力于某事
i)        中国国家队
j)        亚洲杯
k)        奥林匹克运动会
l)        …之后不久
m)        被接受
n)        个性
o)        耐心地回答问题
p)        出色的表现
q)        对…做出回应
r)        评论
s)        喜欢说话的人
t)        有迷人个性的人

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        in the kindergarten
b)        buy the adult ticket
c)        taller than his teacher
d)        no wonder
e)        be born to be…
f)        in the 1970s
g)        the talent of a basketball player
h)        devote oneself to…
i)        the China's national team
j)        Asian Cup
k)        Olympic Games
l)        Short after…
m)        be accepted
n)        personality
o)        answer the questions patiently
p)        excellent performances
q)        respond to…
r)        comment
s)        the man with a lot of words
t)        the man with attractive personality

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        他是如此高，以至于不得不买成人票。
b)        他的父母情都是20世纪70年代的著名球星。
c)        难怪他天生就会成为一名伟大的篮球运动员。
d)        从那时起，他就致力于篮球。
e)        九年以后，他加入了中国国家队。
f)        2000 悉尼奥运会之后不久，他成为了NBA的一员。
g)        他用他的天赋和性格吸引了他们。
h)        他总是耐心地回答问题。
i)        他用他优异的表现来回应对他不利的评价。
j)        他不是一个多话的人，但是他是一个有迷人性格的人。

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        he was so tall that he had to buy the adult ticket.
b)        Both his parents were famous basketball stars in China in the 1970s.
c)        It is no wonder that he was born to be a great basketball player.
d)        From then on he devoted himself to playing basketball.
e)        Nine years later, he joined the China's national team.
f)        Short after the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, he became a member of NBA.
g)        He attracted them with his talent and personality.
h)        He always answers the questions patiently.
i)        He uses his excellent performances to respond to the comment against him.
j)        He is not the man with a lot of words, but the man with attractive personality.

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the person “Mark Twain”
（用以下的词汇和短语，就此话题写作）.
Supporting Words and Phrases:
Mark Twain                                                                                         马克 吐温
Born in Missouri                                                                                 出生在密苏里州
famous writer in the nineteenth century                                          19世纪著名的作家
the Mississippi River                                                                         密西西比河
The Adventure of Tom Sawyer                                                                《汤姆索耶历险记》
masterpiece                                                                                         杰作
fame and honor                                                                             声望和荣誉
Mark Twain
Mark Twain was born in 1835, and in his seventy years’ life he wrote plenty of novels. Now he is remembered as one of the best known American writers in the nineteenth century.
He was born in a place in the middle part of the United States, called Missouri. Mark Twain’s hometown lay on the banks of the Mississippi River, where he spent his childhood．When he grew up he worked as a sailor on a riverboat for some time．When he started to write, he chose Mark Twain as his pen name．
Mark Twain wrote a lot of novels, one of which is The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, the masterpiece which brought him fame and honor． Some of his works have been translated into many languages． He and his works are deeply loved by readers throughout the world．
参考译文：
马克•吐温

马克•吐温生于1835年，在七十多年的生命里，他写了许多小说。现在他被铭记为19世纪最著名的美国作家之一。

        他出生于美国中部的一个地方，叫做密苏里州。马克•吐温的家乡位于密西西比河岸，在那里他度过了他的童年。当长大以后，他在一条河船上做了一段时间的水手。当他开始
写作时，他选择了马克•吐温作为笔名。

        马克•吐温写了很多的小说，其中最著名的是汤姆索耶历险记，也是给他带来声望和荣誉的杰作。他的一些作品已经被翻译成为很多语言。他和他的作品受到全世界读者的深深喜爱。.

5. 食 品
Words and expressions for your reference:

*
food                                                                                                                食品
fruit                                                                                                                水果
apple                                                                                                        苹果
banana                                                                                                        香蕉
pear                                                                                                                生梨
orange                                                                                                        桔子
pineapple                                                                                                        菠萝
peach                                                                                                        桃子
water melon                                                                                                西瓜
tomato                                                                                                        西红柿
cucumber                                                                                                        黄瓜
eggplant                                                                                                        茄子
pepper                                                                                                        辣椒       
carrot                                                                                                    胡萝卜
cauliflower                                                                                                花椰菜
pumpkin                                                                                                        南瓜
lettuce                                                                                                        莴苣
cabbage                                                                                                        卷心菜
garlic                                                                                                        大蒜
celery                                                                                                        芹菜
onion                                                                                                        洋葱
mushroom                                                                                                蘑菇
meat                                                                                                                肉类
beef                                                                                                                牛肉
steak                                                                                                        牛排
mutton                                                                                                        羊肉
lamb                                                                                                                小羊肉
roast duck                                                                                                        烤鸭
pork                                                                                                                猪肉
ham                                                                                                                火腿
bacon                                                                                                        咸肉
sausage                                                                                                        香肠
chicken                                                                                                        鸡肉
turkey                                                                                                        火鸡肉
Christmas pudding                                                                                        圣诞布丁
French fries                                                                                                炸薯条
mashed potatoes                                                                                        土豆泥
noodles                                                                                                        面条
butter                                                                                                        黄油
a loaf of bread                                                                                                一条面包
some cheese                                                                                                一些奶酪
ice cream                                                                                                        冰激凌
some biscuits                                                                                                一些饼干
salt                                                                                                                盐
oil                                                                                                                油
sugar                                                                                                        糖
black pepper power                                                                                        黑胡椒粉
plum                                                                                                                李子
mango                                                                                                        芒果
strawberry                                                                                                草莓
blueberry                                                                                                        蓝莓
cherry                                                                                                        樱桃
walnut                                                                                                        胡桃
date                                                                                                                枣子
peanut                                                                                                        花生
coconut milk                                                                                                椰奶
soya milk                                                                                                        豆奶
yoghurt                                                                                                         酸奶
lichee                                                                                                        荔枝

**
wheat and rice                                                                                                小麦和水稻
sunflower seeds                                                                                        葵花籽
fruit salad                                                                                                            水果色拉
sushi                                                                                                        寿思
soup                                                                                                                汤
sauce                                                                                                        酱油，调味料
mineral water                                                                                                矿泉水
distilled water                                                                                                蒸馏水
orange juice                                                                                                桔子汁
lemonade                                                                                                        柠檬水
cocktail                                                                                                        鸡尾酒
yellow wine                                                                                                黄酒
scrambled eggs                                                                                        炒鸡蛋
fried eggs                                                                                                        油煎鸡蛋
boiled eggs                                                                                                  水煮蛋
be full of nutrition                                                                                         富含营养
is very nutritious                                                                                         非常有营养的
chew                                                                                                        咀嚼
chewing gum                                                                                                口香糖
swallow                                                                                                        吞咽
good appetite                                                                                                好胃口
hunger                                                                                                        饥饿
hungry                                                                                                        饥饿的
thirst                                                                                                                口渴
thirsty                                                                                                        口渴的
have a look at the menu                                                                                看一看这个菜谱
according to the recipe                                                                                根据这份食谱
different kinds of ingredients                                                                    不同种类的调料
have breakfast                                                                                                吃早餐
have three meals every day                                                                        每天吃三顿饭
have eight main courses                                                                                吃八道菜
like dessert best                                                                                        最喜欢甜点
some snacks                                                                                                一些小吃
appetizer                                                                                                         开胃菜

***
different flavors                                                                                         不同的风味
salty                                                                                                                咸的
sour                                                                                                                酸的
sweet                                                                                                        甜的
bitter                                                                                                                苦的
spicy                                                                                                                辣的
fresh                                                                                                                新鲜的
stale                                                                                                                不新鲜的
tasty                                                                                                                美味的
delicious                                                                                                        鲜美的
terrible                                                                                                        很糟糕的
delicacy                                                                                                        美味佳肴
take a cookery lesson                                                                                上一门烹饪课
waiter and waitress                                                                                        男服务生和女服务生
offer good service                                                                                        提供好的服务
serve at the table                                                                                        在餐桌边服务
recommend a dish                                                                                         推荐一道菜
set the table                                                                                                铺桌子
tissue                                                                                                        餐巾纸
a spoonful of…                                                                                                一满羹的…
with a knife and fork                                                                                        用一副刀叉
a pair of chopsticks                                                                                        一双筷子
steamed bun                                                                                                馒头
deep fried stick                                                                                                油条
sweet pancake                                                                                                甜煎饼
rice dumping with meat                                                                                 肉粽子
chicken curry                                                                                                咖喱鸡
baked beef with black pepper                                                                        黑胡椒烤牛肉
fast food chain restaurant                                                                         快餐连锁店
black tea with sugar and milk                                                                        奶茶
fried noodles                                                                                                炒面
a slice of meat                                                                                                一片肉
a chop of pork                                                                                                一块肉骨头
roast Beijing duck                                                                                        北京烤鸭
One man’s meat is another person’s poison.                                                 青菜萝卜各有所爱。
Bread is the staff of life.                                                                                 民以食为天。

Suggestions: 在西方国家，通常在受到邀请之后，给主人写一封感谢信表示感激之情是基本礼仪之一。感谢信的内容要简洁明了，没有必要很长，只要对主人的盛情款待表示感激就可以了。

*基础篇
The Letter of Thanks for an Invitation

Dear John,

        Thank you very much for inviting me to your party.

        I had a good time at the party and made a lot of interesting friends. I liked the food Susan made very much. It was so delicious that I could bear to eat a lot. I enjoyed myself at the party and it has been an unforgettable experience in my life.

        Please forward my thanks to Susan.

        Best wishes,

        Rosie

Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)
a)        一封感谢信
b)        一份邀请
c)        因为某事而感谢某人
d)        在聚会上
e)        很多有趣的朋友
f)        Susan做的食物
g)        吃了很多
h)        一次难忘的经历
i)        转达

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        a letter of thanks
b)        an invitation
c)        thank sb for doing sth
d)        at the party
e)        a lot of interesting friends
f)        the food Susan makes
g)        eat a lot
h)        an unforgettable experience
i)        forward

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        What is the letter about?
b)        Why did the writer write the letter?
c)        What did the writer do at the party?
d)        What did the writer like very much?
e)        How delicious was the food at the party?
f)        What does the write think of the party?
g)        What did the writer ask John to do at the end of the letter?

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        It is a letter of thanks for an invitation
b)        The writer wanted to thank John and Susan for inviting him /her to their party.
c)        The writer had a good time at the party and made a lot of interesting friends at the party.
d)        The writer liked the food Susan made very much.
e)        The food was so delicious that he /she could bear to eat a lot.
f)        The write thinks that the party has been an unforgettable experience in his / her life.
g)        The writer asked John to forward his / her thanks to Susan.

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic “I Like Chocolate”
Supporting Words and Phrases:
all kinds of chocolate
be of various brands
be made in different countries
like both the smell and taste
bitter and sweet
melt slowly and softly
brush my teeth
I Like Chocolate

I like all kinds of chocolate. There are black chocolate, milk chocolate, vanilla chocolate and chocolate with different kinds of nuts. They are of various brands and they are made in different countries.

I like chocolate because I like both the fragrant smell and pleasant taste of it. It smells a little bitter and sweet. When I put a small piece of chocolate into my mouth, it will melt slowly and softly. I like this feeling, so a piece of chocolate can always make me happy.

I know eating too much chocolate is bad for my teeth. So every time I have chocolate, I will brush my teeth. With good teeth, I can taste more chocolate.

参考译文：
我喜欢巧克力

我喜欢各种各样的巧克力，有黑巧克力、牛奶巧克力、香草巧克力和有各种各样坚果的巧克力。它们有不同的品牌，出产于不同的国家。

我喜欢巧克力，因为我既喜欢它的香味也喜欢它让人愉悦的口味。它闻起来有一点苦，有一点甜。当我将一小块巧克力放入嘴里的时候，它会慢慢地、柔软地融化。我喜欢这种感觉，所以一块巧克力总是能让我愉快。

我知道吃太多的巧克力对我的牙齿不利。所以我每次吃了巧克力就刷牙。有好的牙齿，我就能够品尝更多的巧克力。       

       

** 优秀篇
How to Make Apple Pies

        It is not difficult to make apple pies, if you have all the tools and ingredients at hand.

The ingredients we need are flour, butter, soft brown sugar and fine apples.

        First, mix the flour and butter in a bowl and make a mixture. If the solid butter is hard to get melted, you can put the can of butter in warm water and the heat from water can melt the butter slowly. Second, add some sugar in the mixture. Third, peel and chop the fine apples into small pieces. Next, put them in the bottom of a large dish and sprinkle some sugar powder on them. Then, pour the mixture of flour, butter and sugar over the apples. Finally, cook the mixture for 30 minutes in the oven at 180 degrees centigrade.

        Now, you can wash your hands and make a cup of tea for yourself. Is there anything better than a hot and fresh home-made apple pie?

Task *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

How to Make Apple Pies

        It is not difficult to make apple pies, if you have        all the                         a                .  

The ingredients we need are flour, butter, soft brown sugar and fine apples.

        First, mix the flour and butter in a bowl and                                b                .. If the solid butter is hard to                         c                ., you can put the can of butter in warm water and the heat from water can melt the butter slowly.  Second,                         d                .  the mixture. Third,                         e                .  the fine apples into small pieces. Next, put them                         f                .  and sprinkle some sugar powder on them. Then, pour the mixture of flour, butter and sugar                         g                .. Finally, cook the mixture                         h                .  in the oven at 180 degrees centigrade.

        Now, you can wash your hands and make a cup of tea for yourself. Is there anything better than a hot and fresh home-made apple pie?

Key *
Read the passage carefully. Don’t look at the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.
(仔细阅读上文。在不参阅原文的情况下，用恰当的词汇和短语填空。)

a)        tools and ingredients at hand
b)        make a mixture
c)        get melted
d)        add some sugar in
e)        peel and chop
f)        in the bottom of a large dish
g)        over the apples
h)        for 30 minutes

Task **
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        如何做苹果派
b)        工具和配料
c)        在手边
d)        红糖
e)        优质的苹果
f)        做一个混合物
g)        固体黄油
h)        融化
i)        慢慢融化黄油
j)        把A加入B
k)        削苹果皮
l)        把苹果剁碎
m)        在一个大盘子的底部
n)        撒糖粉
o)        倒在苹果上
p)        以180摄氏度的温度
q)        沏一杯茶
r)        家庭自制的

Key **Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        how to make apple Pies
b)        tools and ingredients
c)        at hand
d)        brown sugar
e)        ine apples
f)        make a mixture
g)        solid butter
h)        get melted
i)        melt the butter slowly
j)        add A to B
k)        peel the apple
l)        chop the apple
m)        in the bottom of a large dish
n)        sprinkle sugar powder
o)        pour on apples
p)        at 180 degrees centigrade
q)        make a cup of tea
r)        home-made

Task ***
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and translate the following sentences.  
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，翻译以下句子。)

a)        你手边就有所有的工具和配料。
b)        我们所需的配料是面粉和黄油。
c)        固体的黄油很难融化。
d)        在混合物中加入一些糖。
e)        将优质苹果切成小块。
f)        把它们放入一个大盘子的底部。
g)        将混合物在烤箱中以180摄氏度的温度加热30分钟。
h)        还有比一个热的新鲜的家庭自制苹果派更好的东西吗？

Key ***
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and translate the following sentences.  
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，翻译以下句子。)

a)        You have all the tools and ingredients at hand.
b)        The ingredients we need are flour and butter.
c)        The solid butter is hard to get melted.
d)        Add some sugar in the mixture.
e)        Chop the fine apples into small pieces.
f)        Put them in the bottom of a large dish.
g)        Cook the mixture for 30 minutes in the oven at 180 degrees centigrade.
h)        Is there anything better than a hot and fresh home-made apple pie?

***拓展篇（附参考译文）
British Food

People used to think that British food was very terrible. But that is not true today.

Traditionally, English food had meat and two vegetables. That is to say a meal includes beef, pork or chicken and two vegetables. Of course, one of these was usually potatoes and the other might be peas or carrots. And that was covered with a meat sauce. This kind of menu can not be attractive to most of the stomachs.           

        Nowadays, however, all these have changed. In Britain you can try the food from different countries. The most popular is Indian food. Since many people came to Britain from India in the 1950s, they also brought their customs and their food. And now it is possible for you to buy Indian food in any town. You can even buy all the ingredients in supermarkets.

Another common food in the UK is Italian food. Pasta is served in many restaurants everyday, and you can order takeaway pizza wherever you go.

In spite of the food from other countries, the traditional British breakfast remains popular. This consists of bacon, sausage, egg, beans, mushrooms, tomatoes and toast, with a large cup of tea. On a cold morning it will surely fill you up and keep you warm till lunchtime.

At present, the food in Britain is not terrible at all because it has become international.

参考译文：
英国的食物
       
        人们过去认为英国的食物很糟糕，但是现在不是这样了。

        传统上，英国的食物有肉类和两种蔬菜。这就是说一顿饭可以包括牛肉、猪肉或者鸡肉，以及两种蔬菜。当然，其中有一种通常是土豆，而另一种就有可能是豆子或者萝卜。食物上都浇盖有肉汁。这样的食谱对大多数人来说是没有吸引力的。

        但是，现在这一切都已经改变了。在英国你可以尝试到来自不同国家的食品。最受人欢迎的是印度食品。因为在二十世纪五十年代，很多人从印度来到英国，同时带来了他们的风俗和食品。现在，你几乎可以在任何城镇买到印度食品，你甚至可以在超市里买到所有的印度食品调料。

        在英国，另外一种普遍食品是意大利食品。每天很多的餐馆都供应意大利面食，不论你到那里，你都可以定购外带的比萨饼。

        尽管有来自其它国家的食品，传统的英国早餐还是很受人欢迎的。它包括了熏肉、香肠、蛋、豆子、蘑菇、西红柿和烤面包，还带有一大杯的茶。在寒冷的早晨，这肯定可以塞饱你，并让你在午餐之前一直感觉很暖和。

        现在，英国的食品一点也不可怕了，因为它已经变得国际化了。

Task *
Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        过去常常认为
b)        传统上
c)        这就是说
d)        包括
e)        不是猪肉就是鸡肉
f)        可能是豆子
g)        一种肉酱
h)        对大多数的胃口来说有吸引力
i)        印度菜
j)        因为，既然
k)        对某人来说做某事是可能的
l)        甚至可以买到
m)        提供
n)        订购外买的匹萨饼
o)        你所到的任何地方
p)        尽管…
q)        依然受欢迎
r)        包括有…
s)        在寒冷的早上
t)        一定
u)        喂饱
v)        保持温暖
w)        全然不
x)        变得国际化

Key * Translate the following phrases according to the passage above.
(根据上文内容，翻译下列词组。)

a)        used to think
b)        traditionally
c)        that is to say
d)        include
e)        either pork or chicken
f)        might be peas
g)        a meat sauce
h)        be attractive to most of the stomachs
i)        Indian food
j)        since
k)        it is possible for sb to do sth
l)        can even buy
m)        serve
n)        order takeaway pizza
o)        wherever you go
p)        in spite of
q)        remain popular
r)        consist of
s)        on a cold morning
t)        surely
u)        fill up
v)        keep warm
w)        not… at all
x)        become international

Task **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        What did traditional British food include?
b)        What does the writer think of the traditional food?
c)        What changes have taken place about English food?
d)        What kind of food is the most popular in Britain?
e)        Why can you make India food at home?
f)        Why is pasta a common food in the UK?
g)        Why does a traditional British breakfast still remain popular?

Key **
Read the passage above carefully at least 2 times. Don’t refer to the passage, and use complete sentences to answer the following questions.
(仔细阅读以上文章至少两遍，并在不参阅原文的情况下，用完整句型回答以下问题。)

a)        Traditional British food included beef, pork or chicken and two vegetables.
b)        The writer thinks that it is not attractive to most of the stomachs.
c)        Now, you can try the food from different countries in Britain.
d)        The most popular is Indian food.
e)         Because you can buy all the India ingredients in supermarkets.
f)        Because pasta is served in many restaurants everyday, and you can order takeaway pizza wherever you go.
g)        Because it consists of many ingredients and on a cold morning it will surely fill you up and keep you warm till lunchtime.  

Task ***
Use the following words and phrases to write on the topic “Fast Food in China”
Supporting Words and Phrases:
in the first place                                                                                  首先
since the 1980s                                                                                         自从20世纪80年代起
teenagers and office clerks                                                                         十几岁的年轻人和办公室职员
Chinese cuisine                                                                                         中国料理
fast food chain restaurant                                                                         连锁快餐店
win over                                                                                                 战胜
provide sb with sth                                                                                 提供给某人某物
discount                                                                                                 折扣
for instance                                                                                         比如说
high in fat                                                                                                 高脂肪
low in fiber or vitamin                                                                         低纤纬和维他命
to my great joy                                                                                         让我非常高兴的是
.
Fast food in China

Fast food has come to China since the 1980s. . Now, fast food is very popular among
children, teenagers, office clerks and travelers.

Chinese cuisine is famous all over the world, and how could fast food chain restaurant win over some Chinese food restaurants?

In the first place, fast food is really very fast... Some world famous fast food chains, like KFC and McDonald’s offer us the freshest food and you can get your food and drinks within a few minutes.

Secondly, the food there is cheaper than that in some big Chinese restaurant. At the same time, it is cleaner than that in some small snack bars.

Thirdly, fast food chains can provide customers with the food of the same size and the same quality. The hamburger in Shanghai is as same as the one in Beijing. When I enter a world famous fast food restaurant, I am sure what I am going to have.

Finally, fast food chain often uses some discount or toys to attract customers. For instance, there is a toy with the children’s food in McDonald’s, and we can often get the coupons from KFC.  

Of course, there are a lot of problems with fast food. Most of the traditional fast food is high in fat and low in fiber or vitamin. If you have too much fast food, it will do harm to your health. But to our great joy, some fast food restaurants are changing their menu. I think we will have more vegetables and fruits when we have fast food.

参考译文：

中国的快餐

自从二十世纪八十年代，快餐就进入中国了。现在快餐在儿童、青少年、公司职员和旅游者中间非常受欢迎。

        中国烹饪世界闻名，那么快餐连锁店是如何打败一些中国餐馆的呢？

        首先，快餐真是非常快。一些世界知名的快餐连锁店，如肯德基和麦当劳给我们提供最新鲜的食物，你可以在几分钟内就得到你的食物和饮料。

        其次，快餐连锁店的食物要比一些大的中国餐馆的食物便宜。同时，它要比一些小吃店的东西干净。

        第三，快餐连锁店可以给顾客提供相同大小和相同质量的食物。上海的汉堡和北京的汉堡是一样的。当我进入一家世界知名的快餐店，我确信我会吃到什么。

        最后，快餐连锁店经常会用一些折扣或者玩具来吸引顾客。比如说，在麦当劳儿童餐里就带有一个玩具，我们也常常可以从肯德基店里拿到折扣券。

        当然，快餐还存在很多的问题。绝大多数的传统快餐是高脂肪、低纤维和维生素的。吃太多的快餐会对你的健康有害。但是，让我们高兴的是，一些快餐店正在改变它们的菜谱。我想当我们吃快餐的时候，我们将会吃到更多的蔬菜和水果。.